Periconia lichenoides
Periconia lichenoides Tode, Syn. meth. fung. (Göttingen) 2: 686 (1801).
Index Fungorum number: IF 241214; Facesoffungi number: FoF 11628, Fig. 1
Description: see Tanaka et al. (2015); Samarakoon et al. (2015).
Material examined: see Tanaka et al. (2015); Samarakoon et al. (2015).
Figure. 1. Periconia spp. a–d Periconia cookei (MFLU 17-1969). a Colonies on wood. b Conidiophore with conidia. c, d Conidia. e–h P. elaeidis (MFLU 18-0626, holotype). e Conidiophores on substrate. g, h Conidia. k–p P. delonicis (MFLU 20−0696). k, l Conidia and conidiophores. m–p Conidia. i, j P. cortaderiae (MFLU 20−0697) i Conidiophores bearing conidia. j Conidia. Scale bars: b = 30 μm, c, d = 10 μm, e, k = 100 μm., f, i = 50 μm, g, h, m–p, j = 5 μm, l = 20 μm.
Importance and distribution
Industrial relevance and applications
Periconia is an extremely important genus for medical and pharmaceutical industry as it produces wide range of compounds useful in medical treatment. For example, Periconia atropurpurea produces,4-dihydroxy-6-[(1´E,3´E)-penta-1´,3´-dienyl]-benzaldehyde which shows strong antifungal activity against Cladosporium sphaerospermum and C. cladosporioides (Teles et al. 2006). Yamada et al. (2007) reported cell-adhesion inhibitors Peribysin J and macrosphelide M produced by a Sea Hare-derived Periconia sp.
Biochemical importance of the genus, chemical diversity or applications
Periconia produces wide range of chemical compounds. For example, Wolpert and Dunkle (1981) reported Host-specific toxins isolated from culture filtrates of Periconia circinata. Macko et al. (1992) reported peritoxins A and B and periconins A and B, metabolite circinatin from culture filtrates of the pathogen Periconia circinata. Kim et al. (2004) reported Periconicins, two new Fusicoccane Diterpenes produced by the endophytic Periconia sp. and exhibit antibacterial activity.
There are 152 Periconia epithets in Index Fungorum (2022), but many species have been transferred to other genera such as Acremonium, Arthrinium, Cephalotrichum, Dendryphion, Dichocladosporium, Didymobotryum, Exophiala, Grosmannia, Leightoniomyces, Massarina, Morrisographium, Oedocephalum, Oidiodendron, Phycomyces, Scopinella, Seifertia, Virgariella and Zasmidium. Periconia comprises 116 species known on a wide range of host plants such as Anacardium sp. (Anacardiaceae), Betula pendula (Betulaceae), Bouteloua curtipendula (Poaceae), Bromus ciliatus (Poaceae), Carex acutiformis (Cyperaceae), Chasmanthium latifolium (Poaceae), Elymus riparius (Poaceae), Festuca elatior (Poaceae), Helianthus annuus (Asteraceae), Holcus sp. (Poaceae), Hystrix patula (Poaceae), Juncus sp. (Juncaceae), Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae), Muhlenbergia schreberi (Poaceae), Pennisetum purpureum (Poaceae), Saccharum officinarum (Poaceae), Sorghum bicolor (Poaceae) and Typha latifolia (Typhaceae) amongst others. Periconia is cosmopolitan in distribution. Periconia circinata is the causal agent of milo disease of Sorghum bicolor, which attacks the roots and dwarfs and kills the plants (Dunkle & Wolpert 1981). Periconia leaf spotting and blight of Hevea brasiliensis is a serious disease in India (Mehrotra et al. 1988). Periconia is a diverse genus rich in species but with taxonomic drawbacks. Several species of Periconia may belong to other genera. Discovery of more Periconia species with DNA sequence data will help to resolve the taxonomy of Periconia.
References
Anastasiou CJ 1963 – Fungi from salt lakes. II. Ascomycetes and fungi imperfecti from the Salton sea. Nova Hedwigia 6, 243–276.
Dunkle LD, Wolpert TJ. 1981 – Independence of milo disease symptoms and electrolyte leakage induced by the host-specific toxin from Periconia circinata. Physiological Plant Pathology 18, 315–323.
Hyde KD, Chaiwan N, Norphanphoun C, Boonmee S et al. 2018 – Mycosphere notes 169–224. Mycosphere 9, 71–430.
Jayasiri SC, Hyde KD, Jones EBG, McKenzie EHC et al. 2019 – Diversity, morphology and molecular phylogeny of Dothideomycetes on decaying wild seed pods and fruits. Mycosphere 10, 1–186.
Kim S, Shin DS, Lee T, Oh KB. 2004 – Periconicins, two new fusicoccane diterpenes produced by an endophytic fungus Periconia sp. with antibacterial activity. Journal of Natural Products 67, 448–50. doi: 10.1021/np030384h.
Kohlmeyer J. 1969 – Marine fungi of Hawaii including the new genus Helicascus. Canadian Journal of Botany 47, 1469–1487.
Liu NG, Hongsanan S, Yang J, Bhat DJ et al. 2017b – Periconia thailandica (Periconiaceae), a new species from Thailand. Phytotaxa 323, 253–263.
Macko V, Stimmel MB, Wolpert TJ, Dunkle LD et al. 1992 – Structure of the host-specific toxins produced by the fungal pathogen. Periconia circinata. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 9574–9578.
Mehrotra MD. 1988 – Periconia leaf spotting and blight of Hevea brasiliensis: a new disease from India. Indian Forestry 114, 406–409.
Phookamsak R, Hyde KD, Jeewon R, Bhat DJ et al. 2019 – Fungal diversity notes 929–1035: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungi. Fungal Diversity 95, 1–273.
Samarakoon BC, Phookamsak R, Karunarathna SC, Jeewon R, Chomnunti P, Xu JC, Li YJ. 2021 – New host and geographic records of five pleosporalean hyphomycetes associated with Musa spp. (Banana). Studies in Fungi 6, 92–115. Doi 10.5943/sif/6/1/5
Tanaka K, Hirayama K, Yonezawa H, Sato G et al. 2015 – Revision of the Massarineae (Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes). Studies in Mycology 82, 75–136.
Teles HL, Sordi R, Silva GH, Castro-Gamboa I et al. 2006 – Aromatic compounds produced by Periconia atropurpurea, an endophytic fungus associated with Xylopia aromatica. Phytochemistry 67, 2686–90. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.09.005.
Thambugala KM, Wanasinghe DN, Phillips AJL, Camporesi E et al. 2017b – Mycosphere notes 1– 50: grass (Poaceae) inhabiting Dothideomycetes. Mycosphere 8, 697–796.
Yamada T, Minoura K, Tanaka R, Numata A. 2007 – Cell-adhesion inhibitors produced by a sea hare-derived Periconia sp. The Journal of Antibiotics (Tokyo) 60, 370–5. doi: 10.1038/ja.2007.50.
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