Pseudopithomyces chartarum
Pseudopithomyces chartarum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Jun F. Li, Ariyaw. & K.D. Hyde, in Ariyawansa et al., Fungal Diversity: 10.1007/s13225-015-0346-5, [40] (2015).
≡ Sporidesmium chartarum Berk. & M.A. Curtis, in Berkeley, Grevillea 3(no. 26): 50 (1874).
Index Fungorum number: IF 551393; Facesoffungi number: FoF 00938, Fig. 1
Description:
Pathogenic on leaves. Sexual morph: Unknown. Asexual morph: Colonies black, separate, later turning confluent, up to 0.5 mm diam. Conidiophores 2–7 × 1.5–2.5 μm, micronematous or semi-macronematous, mononematous, branched and anastomosing, pale olive, smooth or occasionally verruculose. Conidiogenous cells integrated. Conidia 18–29 × 10–15 μm, acropleurogenous, mainly pleurogenous, broadly ellipsoid, 3-septate to multi-septate, mainly with 3–4 transverse septa and generally divided by longitudinal septum, slightly constricted at the septa, mid brown to dark brown, finely echinulate to verruculose, rhexolytic, smooth or occasionally verruculose, a small piece of the denticle perpetually remains attached to the base of the conidium.
Material examined: The United States, North Carolina, on decayed paper, (CBRU00009189, isotype).
Fig. 1 Sporidesmium chartarum (CBRU00009189, isotype) a–c Herbarium specimen. d Section of conidiomata. e–k Conidia. Scale bars: d = 100 μm, e–k = 10 μm.
Importance and distribution
Pseudopithomyces palmicola occurs on grapevine (Liu et al. 2018). Pseudopithomyces chartarum is a pathogen of wheat in Argentina that can cause diseases on different cultivars and can produce mycotoxins (Perelló et al. 2016). Sidhu et al. (2021) reported that Pseudopithomyces chartarum causes facial eczema (pithomycotoxicosis) in ruminants.
Industrial appplications
Pseudopithomyces is important in pharmaceutical industry as it produces several secondary compounds such as alternariol, alternariol mono-methyl ether, altertoxin I and altertoxine II (Perelló et al. 2016).
Biochemical importance of the genus, chemical diversity or applications
Pseudopithomyces produces several compounds such as alternariol, alternariol mono-methyl ether, altertoxin I and altertoxine II (Perelló et al. 2016). Ningsiha et al. (2022) reported aromatic polyketides from the marine-derived fungus P. maydicus PSU-AMF350 that exhibit antimicrobial activity.
Pseudopithomyces comprises 13 species known on wide range of plants such as Acacia (Fabaceae), Acoelorrhaphe wrightii (Arecaceae), Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae), Entada phaseoloides (Fabaceae), Gnidia polycephala (Thymelaeaceae), Morus australis (Moraceae), Pandanus amaryllifolius (Pandanaceae), Rosa canina (Rosaceae), Saccharum officinarum (Poaceae), Triticum aestivum (Poaceae) and Zea mays (Poaceae). Pseudopithomyces diversisporus was reported from a human toenail. Pseudopithomyces has wide geographical distribution such as Africa (Angola), Asia (China (Taiwan), Philippines), Europe (Italy), South America (Argentina) and The United States (California, Florida).
References
Ariyawansa HA, Hyde KD, Jayasiri SC, Buyck B et al. 2015 – Fungal diversity notes 111–252— taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa. Fungal Diversity 75, 27–274.
Crous PW, Wingfield MJ, Burgess TI, Hardy GSJ et al. 2016 – Fungal Planet description sheets: 469–557. Persoonia 37, 218–403.
da Cunha CK. 2014 – Pithomyces species (Montagnulaceae) from clinical specimens: identification and antifungal susceptibility profiles. Medical Mycology 52, 748–757.
Ellis MB. 1960 – Dematiaceous hyphomycetes I. Mycological Papers 76, 1–36
Liu LN, Razaq A, Atri N, Bau T et al. 2018 – Fungal systematics and evolution: FUSE 4. Sydowia -Horn- 70, 286.
Ningsih BNS, Rukachaisirikul V, Pansrinun S, Phongpaichit S, Preedanon S, Sakayaroj J. 2022 –New aromatic polyketides from the marine-derived fungus Pseudopithomyces maydicus PSU-AMF350 and their antimicrobial activity. Natural Product Research 36, 4982–4989.
Perelló A, Aulicino MB, Stenglein SA, Labuda R, Moreno MV. 2016 – Pseudopithomyces chartarum associated with wheat seeds in Argentina, pathogenicity and evaluation of toxigenic ability. European Journal of Plant Pathology 148, 491–496.
Pratibha J, Prabhugaonkar A. 2015 – Multi-gene phylogeny of Pithomyces with the sexual morph of P. flavus Berk. & Broome. Phytotaxa 218, 84–90.
Sidhu J, Suresh V, Baten A, McCartney A et al. 2021 – Genome sequence of Pseudopithomyces chartarum, causal agent of facial eczema (pithomycotoxicosis) in ruminants, and identification of the putative sporidesmin toxin gene cluster. bioRxiv 441555.
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