Paraphaeosphaeria michotii
Paraphaeosphaeria michotii (Westend.) O.E. Erikss., Arch. Botan. 6: 405 (1967).
≡ Sphaeria michotii Westend., Bull. Acad. R. Sci. Belg., Cl. Sci., sér. 2 7(5): 87 (1859).
Index Fungorum number: IF 335615; Facesoffungi number: FoF 00058, Fig. 1
Description: see Verkley et al. (2014), Ariyawansa et al. (2014), Wanasinghe et al. (2018).
Material considered: see Verkley et al. (2014), Ariyawansa et al. (2014), Wanasinghe et al. (2018).
Fig. 1 Paraphaeosphaeria michotii (MFLU 12-2210, epitype). a Appearance of ascomata on host substrate. b Section through ascomata. c Peridium. d, e Asci. f–i Ascospores. Scale bars: b = 100 μm, c–e = 50 μm, f–i = 10 μm.
Importance and distribution
Industrial relevance and applications
Paraphaeosphaeria is useful to the pharmaceutical industry as it produces several compounds such as hexaketides, diketopiperazine amongst others (Seo et al. 2007, Carrieri et al. 2020).
Biochemical importance of the genus, chemical diversity or applications
Lee and Oh (2006) reported two fungal metabolites 2,3-didehydropalitantin and culpin-1- β-galactopyranoside from an epiphytic Paraphaeosphaeria species. Li et al. (2017) reported NF-κB inhibitors, unique γ-pyranol-γ-lactams with sulfide and sulfoxide moieties from P. neglecta FT462 isolated from Hawaiian Lycopodiella cernua. Huang et al. (2017) reported sphaerialactonam, a γ-lactam–isochromanone from the Hawaiian endophytic Paraphaeosphaeria sp. FT462. Murakami et al. (2020) discovered a new compound, talarodone A, together with five known compounds 2–6 in a co-culture of Talaromyces pinophilus and Paraphaeosphaeria sp. isolated from soil in Japan. Hu et al. (2020) reported paraverrucsins A–F, antifeedant, and antiPathogenic polyketides from rhizospheric P. verruculosa and reported induced bioactivity enhancement when cocultured with the host plant Dendrobium officinale.
There are forty Paraphaeosphaeria epithets in Index Fungorum (2022), but several species have been transferred to Chaetoplea, Leptosphaeria, Neophaeosphaeria and Phaeosphaeriopsis. Paraphaeosphaeria comprises 29 species known on wide range of plants including Agrostis capillaris (Poaceae), Ammophila arenaria (Poaceae), Andropogon virginianus (Poaceae), Bromus diandrus (Poaceae), Carex sp. (Cyperaceae), Chasmanthium latifolium (Poaceae), Deschampsia flexuosa (Poaceae), Dichanthelium acuminatum (Poaceae), Juncus sp. (Juncaceae), Lathyrus niger (Fabaceae), Leersia oryzoides (Poaceae), Miscanthus sinensis (Poaceae), Nardus stricta (Poaceae), Phalaris arundinacea (Poaceae), Phleum pratense (Poaceae) and Phragmites australis (Poaceae). Some species of Paraphaeosphaeria causes leaf spot and other diseases, for example, P. recurvifoliae causes leaf spot and necrosis on Yucca gloriosa (Asparagaceae) in China and Poland (Pieczul & Perek 2015, Ding et al. 2020). Paraphaeosphaeria sp. is reported to cause walnut bark lesions (Mazzaglia et al. 2005). Paraphaeosphaeria has wide distribution such as Asia (China (Taiwan), Japan, Russia), Australia, Europe (Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Poland, Sweden), North America (Canada) and The United States (Texas, Virginia). Future studies are likely to discover more species of Paraphaeosphaeria.
References
Ariyawansa HA, Tanaka K, Thambugala KM, Phookamsak R et al. 2014 – A molecular phylogenetic reappraisal of the Didymosphaeriaceae (= Montagnulaceae). Fungal Diversity 68, 69–104.
C^amara MPS, Palm ME, van Berkum P, Stewart EL et al. 2001 – Systematics of Paraphaeosphaeria: a molecular and morphological approach. Mycological Research 105, 41–56.
Câmara MP, Ramaley AW, Castlebury LA, Palm ME. 2003 – Neophaeosphaeria and Phaeosphaeriopsis, segregates of Paraphaeosphaeria. Mycological Research 107, 516–522.
Carrieri R, Borriello G, Piccirillo G, Lahoz E et al. 2020 – Antibiotic Activity of a Paraphaeosphaeria sporulosa-Produced Diketopiperazine against Salmonella enterica. J Fungi 10, 83.
Checa J, Ramaley AW, Palm-Hernandez ME, Caˆmara MPS. 2002 – Paraphaeosphaeria barrii, a new species on Yucca schidigera from Mexico. Mycological Research 106, 375–379.
Ding T, Li Z, Guo L, Li J. 2019 – First Report of Leaf Spots and Necrosis Caused by Paraphaeosphaeria recurvifoliae on Yucca gloriosa in China. Plant Disease 104, 986–986.
Eriksson OE. 1967 – On graminicolous pyrenomycetes from Fennoscandia. 2. Phragmosporous and scolecosporous species. Arkiv för Botanik 6, 381–440.
Hu J, Huang W, Zhang F, Luo X, Chen Y, Xie J. 2020 – Variability of Volatile Compounds in the Medicinal Plant Dendrobium officinale from Different Regions. Molecules 25, 5046.
Huang P, Li C, Sarotti AM, Turkson J, Cao S. 2017 – Sphaerialactonam, a γ-lactam–isochromanone from the Hawaiian endophytic fungus Paraphaeosphaeria sp. FT462. Tetrahedron Letters 58, 1330–1333.
Lee H, Oh H. 2006 –. Two New Fungal Metabolites from an Epiphytic Fungus Paraphaeosphaeria Species. Bulletin Of The Korean Chemical Society 27, 779–782.
Li CS, Sarotti AM, Huang P, Dang UT. 2017 – NF-κB inhibitors, unique γ-pyranol-γ-lactams with sulfide and sulfoxide moieties from Hawaiian plant Lycopodiella cernua derived fungus Paraphaeosphaeria neglecta FT462. Scientific Reports 7, 10424.
Mazzaglia A, Fabi A, Belisario AIL GCLV, NA. 2005 – Bark cankers on English walnut: An emerging disease. Acta horticulturae 705, 437–442.
Murakami S, Hayashi N, Inomata T, Kato H, Hitora Y, Tsukamoto S. 2020 – Induction of secondary metabolite production by fungal co-culture of Talaromyces pinophilus and Paraphaeosphaeria sp. Journal of Natural Medicines 74.
Pieczul K, Perek A. 2015 – First Report of Paraphaeosphaeria recurvifoliae on Yucca filamentosa in Western Poland. Plant Disease 100.
Seo CO, Oh HC, Lee H, Kim JK, Kong IS, Ahn SC. 2007 – Hexaketides from Phytopathogenic Fungus Paraphaeosphaeria recurvifoliae. Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society 28, 1803–1806.
Shoemaker RA, Babcock CE. 1985 – Canadian and some extralimital Paraphaeosphaeria species. Canadian Journal of Botany 63, 1284–1291.
Verkley GJM, Dukik K, Renfurm R, Göker M, Stielow JB. 2014 – Novel genera and species of coniothyrium-like fungi in Montagnulaceae (Ascomycota). Persoonia 32, 25–51.
Wanasinghe DN, Phukhamsakda C, Hyde KD, Jeewon R et al. 2018 – Fungal diversity notes 709–839: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa with an emphasis on fungi on Rosaceae. Fungal Diversity 89, 1–236.
Zhang Y, Schoch CL, Fournier J, Crous PW et al. 2009 – Multi-locus phylogeny of the Pleosporales: a taxonomic, ecological and evolutionary re-evaluation. Studies in Mycology 64, 85–102.
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