Capnodium salicinum
Capnodium salicinum Mont., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3 11: 234 (1849).
= Capnodium citri Berk. & Desm., in Berkeley, Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society 4: 11 (1849).
Index Fungorum number: IF 168391; Facesoffungi number: FoF11045 , Fig. 1
Description:
Sooty moulds on plants. Sexual morph: Unknown. Asexual morph: Mycelium superficial, scattered or gregarious, dark brown to brown, cylindrical, swollen at the central part, 10–15 μm diam. (x̄ = 11.2 μm, n = 10), stalk black, 15–30 × 2.7–6 μm (x̄ = 17.2 × 3.6 μm, n = 20), wall comprising mostly cylindrical cells, the swollen part producing conidia inside. Conidiogenous cells produced on the inner cell walls of the swollen part. Conidia 9–20 × 7–12 μm (x̄ = 10.2 × 10.4 μm, n = 20), cylindrical to oblong, ends round, yellowish brown to dark brown, 1 to multiseptate, smooth-walled.
Material examined: France, on leaves, 1st February 1859, Desmazières J (BR5020099733172).
Fig. 1. Capnodium salicinum (BR5020099733172). a–c Herbarium material and appearance of sooty molds on the host surface. f–m Septate mycelium. n–r Conidia. Scale bars: b = 5000 μm, c = 2000 μm, d = 100 μm, e, g, j–m = 20 μm, f = 30 μm, h, i, n–p = 10 μm, q, r = 5 μm.
Importance and distribution
Species of Capnodium are sooty moulds. They form black encrustation on leaves, flowers, stems and fruits (Chomnunti et al. 2011). The superficial mycelium lives on sugary secretion of plant hoppers and the photosynthetic ability is reduced which cause wilting of fruits and plants (Chomnunti et al. 2014). There are 91 Capnodium epithets in Index Fungorum (2022), but many species have been transferred to other genera such as Acrogenotheca, Antennaria, Asterina, Caliciopsis, Capnodina, Capnophaeum, Capnostysanus, Chaetothyrium, Ciferrioxyphium, Conidiocarpus, Coryneliospora, Dennisiella, Diatrypella, Euantennaria, Fumagospora, Hypsotheca, Leptoxyphium, Meliola, Metacapnodium, Microxiphium, Neocapnodium, Phragmoxyphium, Polychaetella, Scorias, Strigopodia and Trichomerium. Capnodium species are known on a wide range of hosts such as Anacardiaceae, Aquifoliaceae, Asteraceae, Atherospermataceae, Bursariidae, Casuarinaceae, Ericaceae, Myrtaceae, Pinaceae, Pittosporaceae, Rhamnaceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, Sapindaceae and Sapotaceae, and have a worldwide distribution. More molecular data is essential as very few species have sequence data.
Quarantine significance
Capnodium is of quarantine significance in Sudan and considered as a plant pest of quarantine importance to the Caribbean (CABI 2022).
Biochemical importance of the genus, chemical diversity or applications
Capnodium sp. was reported to produce antibiotics, such as tetramic acid, methiosetin and epicorazin A (Herath et al. 2012). Chemicals such as eremophilane sesquiterpene, capnodiumone have been reported from a mangrove-associated species (He et al. 2016). Capnodium species have also been reported to produce polygalacturonase, pectin lyase, and endo-1,4-β-glucanase enzymes (Mwenje and Mguni 2011).
References
2022 – ‘Capnodium’, CABI Compendium. CABI International.
Chomnunti P, Hongsanan S, Aguirre-Hudson B, Tian Q et al. 2014 – The sooty moulds. Fungal Diversity 66, 1–36.
Chomnunti P, Schoch C, Aguirre-Hudson B, Ko Ko T et al. 2011– Capnodiaceae. Fungal Diversity 51, 103–134.
He H, Ma Z, Wang Q, Liu Y, Xu H. 2016 – Chemical constituents of the mangrove-associated fungus Capnodium sp. SZ-F22. A new eremophilane sesquiterpene, Natural Product Research 30, 1526–1531.
Herath K, Jayasuriya H, Zink DL, Sigmund J et al. 2012 – Isolation, structure elucidation, and antibacterial activity of methiosetin, a tetramic acid from a tropical sooty mold (Capnodium sp.). Journal of natural products 75, 420–424.
Hyde KD, Jones EBG, Liu JK, Ariyawansa H et al. 2013 –Families of Dothideomycetes. Fungal Diversity 63, 1–313.
Index Fungorum 2023 - http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/
Mwenje E, Mguni N. 2011– Cellulolytic and pectinolytic activities of Capnodium isolates (sooty mould) from Zimbabwe. Canadian Journal of Botany 79, 1492–1495.
Recent News
Recent paper to be publishedRecent Genus
NeomedicopsisBoeremia
Gangamyces
Recent Species
Leveillina arduinaeEuryachora sedi
Didymellina iridis
