Botryosphaeriales » Botryosphaeriaceae » Lasiodiplodia

Lasiodiplodia theobromae

Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Grif. & Maubl. Bull. trimest. Soc.Mycol. Fr. 25: 57 (1909).

≡ Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat., in Patouillard & Lagerheim, Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 8(3): 136 (1892).

Index Fungorum number: IF 188476; Facesoffungi number: FoF 00167, Fig. 1

Description: see Phillips et al. (2008, 2013).

Material considered: see Phillips et al. (2008, 2013).

Fig. 1145 Lasiodiplodia spp. (a–j L. pseudotheobromae MFLU 18-1032). a, b Culture characters on PDA. c Section through conidiomata. d Conidiomatal wall. e–g Conidiogenous cells. h–j Conidia. (k–p L. magnoliae MFLU 18-1030, holotype) k Appearance of conidiomata on host substrate. l Section through conidioma. m Peridium. n Conidiogenous cells. o, p Conidia. (q–s L. endophytica) q Conidiomata on bamboo sticks in PDA. r, s Fungal mycelia. Scale bars: c, d = 50 μm, e, f, l = 5 μm, g–j, m–p = 10 μm, k = 200 μm.

Importance and distribution

Most species of Lasiodiplodia are pathogenic and causes disease on several hosts. For example, Lasiodiplodia theobromae is the causal agent of die back of mango which affects yield in Pakistan (Ateeq et al. 2015). Some species of Lasiodiplodia are saprobic and helps in decomposition of organic matter in the ecosystem. Lasiodiplodia produces several compounds which are beneficial in cancer treatment. For example, Valayil et al. (2016) found Steroidal Saponin Cholestanol Glucoside from Lasiodiplodia theobromae that induces Apoptosis in A549 cells. Lasiodiplodia is the causal agent of grapevine dieback, commonly known as black dead arm or Botryosphaeria canker (Rusin et al. 2021).

Biochemical importance of the genus, chemical diversity or applications

Lasiodiplodia produces several chemicals. Cis-4-hydroxymellein, de-O-methyl-lasiodiplodin, ethyl hydrogen fumarate, (–)-Mellein, indole-3-carboxylic acid, 3-formylindole, jasmonic acid and lasiodiplodin have been reported from Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Aldridge et al. 1971). Matsuura et al. (1998) reported Cyclohexene compound from L. theobromae. Qian et al. (2014) reported indole-3-carboxylic acid and other aromatic metabolites from an endophytic Lasiodiplodia sp. ME4-2. Several chemical compounds have been reported from Lasiodiplodia such as cyclohexenes and cyclohexenones, indoles, jasmonates, lactones, melleins, phenols, and others (Salvatore et al. 2016). Cytotoxic and antibacterial Preussomerins was reported from the Mangrove endophytic Fungus Lasiodiplodia theobromae ZJ-HQ1 (Chen et al. 2016). Kamal et al. (2017) reported anti-trypanosomal metabolites from the endophytic L. theobromae. Félix et al. (2019) reported several chemicals 2R/2S,3S,4S)-3-epi-botryodiplodin, 3-indolcarboxylic acid, botryodiplodins), jasmonic acid, lasiolactols, melleins and substituted 2-dihydrofuranones from grapevine strains of L. theobromae. Reveglia et al. (2019) reported (R)- (-)-mellein and tyrosol produced by L. laeliocattleyae causing dieback of grapevines in Brazil. Pellissier et al. (2021) isolated Isocoumarin derivatives with specific inhibitory activity against Wnt Pathway and Metabolome characterization of L. venezuelensis. Sato et al. (2021) reported β-Resorcylic acid derivatives from the endophytic L. theobromae in the Mangrove plant Xylocarpus granatum.

Lasiodiplodia comprises 64 species known on wide range of plants such as Adansonia madagascariensis (Malvaceae), Anacardium occidentale (Anacardiaceae), Annona squamosa (Annonaceae), Carica papaya (Caricaceae), Cocos nucifera (Arecaceae) Eucalyptus sp. (Myrtaceae), Fragaria sp. (Rosaceae), Malus domestica (Rosaceae), Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae), Spondias purpurea (Anacardiaceae), Tectona grandis (Lamiaceae) and Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae). One species have been synonymized and transferred to Granulodiplodia. Lasiodiplodia has a cosmopolitan distribution.