Venturia inaequalis
Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) G. Winter, in Thümen, Mycoth. Univ., cent. 3: no. 261 (1875).
≡ Sphaerella inaequalis Cooke, J. Bot., Lond. 4: 248 (1866).
Index Fungorum number: IF 164141; Facesoffungi number: FoF 12070, Fig. 1
Description: see Hyde et al. (2013).
Material considered: see Hyde et al. (2013).
Fig. 1 Venturia inaequalis (L 0054534, type of Didymosphaeria inaequalis Cooke). a, b Herbarium packets. c Specimens. d Appearance of ascomata on host substrate. e Squash mount of ascoma. f Section through ascoma. g, h Asci. i–l Ascospores. Scale bars: e, f = 50 μm, g, h = 20 μm, i–l = 10 μm.
Importance and distribution
Venturia is of quarantine significance and listed in Annex IIAI of Directive 2000/29/EC of Europe. Venturia infections causes significant yield or quality losses. Venturia nashicola is of quarantine importance in Asia (Israel, Turkey), Europe and The United States (EPPO 2022; González-Domínguez et al. 2017). Venturia causes apple scab (González-Domínguez et al. 2017), a serious, worldwide disease. El Bassam et al. (2002) extracted melanin from the cell wall of V. inaequalis. The melanin of V. inaequalis is similar to synthetic dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) melanin. El-Sayed AM (2021) reported Semiochemicals of Venturia canescens. There are 220 Venturia epithets in Index Fungorum (2022), but several species have been transferred to other genera such as Acantharia, Acanthostigma, Antennularia, Caproventuria, Chaetothyrina, Coleroa, Dimeriella, Epibryon, Epipolaeum, Fraxinicola, Gibbera, Johansonia, Keissleriella, Metacoleroa, Mycosphaerella, Nematostoma, Niesslia, Pezicula, Phomatosporopsis, Plectosphaerella, Protoventuria, Pseudomassaria, Pyrenobotrys, Trichosphaeria, Wentiomyces and Metacapnodium. Venturia has been reported on six host families, Acaraceae, Betulaceae, Cornaceae, Oleaceae, Rosaceae and Salicaceae (Sivanesan 1977; González-Domínguez et al. 2017). Venturia seems to be host specific since each species is found on either one host genus or on related genera within one family (González-Domínguez et al. 2017). Venturia has been reported from many countries including Asia (Thailand), Europe (Austria, France, Germany, Iceland, Italy, Scotland, Sweden, Switzerland), Oceania (New Zealand) and The United States (Alaska, Canada, Florida, Maryland, Minnesota, New York, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin).
References
El Bassam S, Benhamou N, Carisse O. 2002 – The role of melanin in the antagonistic interaction between the apple scab pathogen Venturia inaequalis and Microsphaeropsis ochracea. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 48, 349–358.
El-Sayed AM. 2021 – The Pherobase: Database of Pheromones and Semiochemicals. Available at: http://www.pherobase.com.
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization Organisation Européenne et Méditerranéenne pour la Protection des Plantes (EPPO, 2022). Available at: https://www.eppo.int/ACTIVITIES/quarantine_activities.
FAOLEX Database. Council Directive 2000/29/EC on protective measures against the introduction into the Community of organisms harmful to plants or plant products and against their spread within the Community. Available at: https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC034825/
González-Domínguez E, Armengol J, Rossi V. 2017 – Biology and Epidemiology of Venturia Species Affecting Fruit Crops: A Review. Frontiers in Plant Science 8, 1496
Hyde KD, Jones EBG, Liu JK, Ariyawansa H et al. 2013 – Families of Dothideomycetes. Fungal Diversity 63, 1–313.
Schoch CL, Crous PW, Groenewald JZ, Boehm EWA et al. 2009a – A class-wide phylogenetic assessment of Dothideomycetes. Studies in Mycology 64, 1–15.
Schoch CL, Sung GH, López-Giráldez F, Townsend JP et al. 2009b – The Ascomycota Tree of Life: A phylum wide phylogeny clarifies the origin and evolution of fundamental reproductive and ecological traits. Systematic Biology 58, 224–239.
Schubert K, Ritschel A, Braun U. 2003 – A monograph of Fusicladium s. lat. (hyphomycetes). Schlechtendalia 9, 1–132
Seifert K, Morgan-Jones G, Gams W, Kendrick B. 2011 – The genera of hyphomycetes. CBS Biodiversity Series no. 9: 1–997. CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, Netherlands.
Sivanesan A. 1977–The taxonomy and pathology of Venturia species. Lubrecht & Cramer Ltd, Vaduz.
Zhang Y, Crous P, Schoch C, Bahkali A, Guo LD, Hyde K. 2011 – A molecular, morphological and ecological re-appraisal of Venturiales - A new order of Dothideomycetes. Fungal Diversity 51, 249–277.
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