Fusicladium
Fusicladium Bonord., Handb. Allgem. mykol. (Stuttgart): 80 (1851).
Index Fungorum number: IF 8292; Facesoffungi number: FoF 08830, 81 morphological species (Species Fungorum 2022), 31 species with molecular data.
Associated with host or leaf spot. Sexual morph: Unknown. Asexual morph: Colonies punctiform, scattered, caespitose or dendritic, olivaceous, olivaceous brown, dingy grey to blackish. Mycelium internal, subcuticular, intraepidermal to intercellular, sometimes substomatal, often forming expanded radiating hyphal or stromatic strands or plates, rarely external, superficial. Stromata lacking to well-developed, pseudostromatic, composed of rounded to isodiametric swollen hyphal cells, pigmented, wall often somewhat thickened. Conidiophores solitary, arising from internal or rarely external hyphae or stromatic hyphal aggregations, or fasciculate, arising from internal hyphae or stromata, erumpent, occasionally emerging through stomata, sometimes forming well-developed sporodochial conidiomata, conidiophores often reduced to conidiogenous cells or composed of several cells, erect, cylindrical, pyriform, subclavate, narrowly obclavate, slightly to distinctly geniculate–sinuous, unbranched or occasionally branched, continuous to pluriseptate throughout, pigmented, pale olivaceous to dark brown, tips often paler, smooth to verruculose, wall thin to somewhat thickened. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal or intercalary or conidiophores reduced to single conidiogenous cells, unilocal (monoblastic), determinate to multilocal (polyblastic), proliferation percurrent or sympodial, occasionally occurring together; conidiogenous loci terminal or lateral, often denticle-like, somewhat protuberant, apex truncate to slightly convex, wall unthickened or almost so, non-pigmented or slightly darkened–refractive. Conidia solitary or catenate, in simple or branched acropetal chains, amero-, didymo- to phragmosporous, ellipsoid–ovoid, obovoid, fusiform, obclavate– subcylindrical, straight to curved, 0–3(–4)-euseptate, subhyaline to medium brown, but mostly olivaceous, usually non-constricted at the septa, smooth to verruculose, ends pointed or rounded to truncate, wall thin to somewhat thickened, hila unthickened or almost so, occasionally somewhat darkened–refractive (adapted from Schuber et al. 2003).
Type species: Fusicladium virescens Bonord.
Notes: Fusicladium is characterised by punctiform, scattered, caespitose or dendritic, olivaceous colonies, pseudostromatic stromata, solitary conidiophores, integrated, terminal or intercalary conidiogenous cells, and solitary or catenate, ellipsoid–ovoid, obovoid, fusiform, obclavate, 0–3(–4)-euseptate, subhyaline to medium brown conidia. Saccardo (1897) and Lindau (1907) considered F. virescens as a synonym of F. pyrorum. Höhnel (1923) considered F. virescens to be the same species as F. dendriticum (= Spilocaea pomi) based on occurrence of similar host Malus. Later, Hughes (1953) proposed that the type host of F. virescens might have wrongly been identified. The holotype material of F. virescens observed by Bonorden (1851) has been lost and the host cannot be verified and it is unclear whether it was isolated from apple or pear leaves (Schubert et al. 2003). Saccardo (1897), Lindau (1907), Ferraris (1912) considered taxa characterised by sympodial (denticulate) and percurrent (annellate) conidiogenous cells as Fusicladium sensu lato. Baldacci and Ciferri (1937) excluded Fusicladium radiosum and transferred it to a new genus Pollaccia. Viennot-Bourgin (1949) accommodated Fusicladium-like species with denticulate (sympodial) conidiogenous cells in a new genus Megacladosporium and retained those with annellate conidiogenous cells in Fusicladium sensu stricto. Megacladosporium is now a superfluous name (Schuber et al. 2013). Hughes (1953) restricted Fusicladium sensu stricto to taxa having sympodially proliferating conidiogenous cells and denticle-like conidiogenous loci, and transferred species with distinctly annellate conidiogenous cells to Spilocaea. Bensande and Keitt (1928) transferred Fusicladium species with catenate conidia to Cladosporium. Höhnel (1923) and Vassiljevsky and Karakulin (1937) excluded taxa characterised by catenate conidia from Fusicladium and Cladosporium and transferred them to the new genera Hormocladium and Fusicladiopsis, respectively. Fusicladiopsis was a previous homomyn of Fusicladiopsis R. Maire 1906 and hence, was substituted by Karakulinia nom. nov. (Schubert et al. 2013). Ondìej (1971) accepted species with catenate conidia in Fusicladium but introduced a new subgenus Pseudofusicladium. Sutton and Pascoe (1988) studied the type species of Ramalia, introduced by Batista (1957) and synonymized it with Fusicladium based on the catenate conidia. Beck et al. (2005) provided ITS sequence data for eight Fusicladium species and provided a phylogenetic tree. Braun (2009) added Fusicladium variabile based on morphology. Schuber et al. (2013) provided an updated description of Fusicladium with a key to accepted species by host genera. Crous et al. (2016) added F. eucalypticola based on morphology and phylogenetic analyses of LSU and ITS sequence data. Several authors added new species and studied the genus Fusicladium (Schubert & Braun 2002, Ruszkiewicz-Michalska & Połeć 2006, Crous et al. 2007, 2019). Fusicladium is a distinct but polyphyletic genus in Sympoventuriaceae. Molecular markers available for Fusicladium include ITS, LSU, SSU, ACT, BTUB, GAPDH, RPB2 and TEF-1.
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