Trematosphaeria
Trematosphaeria Fuckel, Jb. Nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 161 (1870).
Index Fungorum number: IF 5522; Facesoffungi number: FoF 08379, 86 morphological species (Species Fungorum 2022), 6 species with molecular data.
Saprobic on host. Sexual morph: Ascomata solitary, scattered, or in groups, initially immersed, becoming erumpent to semi-immersed, subglobose, wall black. Apex with a short ostiole usually slightly conical and widely porate. Peridium coriaceous, a single layer, composed of small heavily pigmented thick-walled cells of textura angularis, thicker in places with columns of textura prismatica orientated perpendicularly to the ascomatal surface, apex cells smaller and walls thicker, forming thick-walled cells of textura pseudoparenchymata, and larger, paler cells of mixture of textura epidermoidea and textura angularis at the base. Hamathecium dense, filamentous, embedded in mucilage branching and anastomosing between and above the asci, septate. Asci 8-spored, bitunicate, dehiscence fissitunicate, clavate, with a short, thick, furcate pedicel and a truncate ocular chamber. Ascospores 2-seriateto uniseriate near the base, fusiform with broadly to narrowly rounded ends, dark brown, 1−3-septate, secondary septum forming late or often absent, deeply constricted at the median septum, the upper cell often shorter and broader than the lower one, smooth to finely verruculose, containing refractive globules. Asexual morph: Hyphopodia-like structures (or conidia) formed after 6 months, hyaline to light-brown, lobed (adapted from Zhang et al. 2008).
Type species: Trematosphaeria pertusa Fuckel
Notes: Trematosphaeria is characterised by solitary, scattered ascomata, coriaceous peridium, fissitunicate, clavate asci with a short, thick, furcate pedicel and dark brown, 1−3-septate ascospores. The asexual morph is not clear but Zhang et al. (2008) reported hyphopodia-like structures (or conidia) formed in culture after 6 months. Tanaka et al. (2015) reported a spermatial morph with subglobose, hyaline spermatia in a culture obtained from Trematosphaeria pertusa. Trematosphaeria is morphologically and phylogenetically a distinct and type genus of Trematosphaeriaceae but revision is required as several species are being synonymized and transferred to other genera (Species Fungorum 2022). Molecular markers available for Trematosphaeria are ITS, LSU, SSU, Actin, BTUB, Calmodulin, Histone, TEF-1, RPB2 and mtSSU.
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