Torula herbarum
Torula herbarum (Pers.) Link, Mag. Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin 3(1-2): 19 (1809).
Index Fungorum number: IF 199478; Facesoffungi number: FoF 01747, Fig. 1, 2
Description: see Crous et al. (2015); Su et al. (2016, 2018).
Material examined: see Crous et al. (2015); Su et al. (2016, 2018).
Fig. 1 Torula spp. a–d Torula fici (MFLU 20−0699). a Colonies on dead leaf. b Conidiogenesis. c, d Conidia. e–h Torula chromolaenae (MFLU 20–0698) e Colonies on dead leaf. f–h Conidia. Scale bars: a = 100 μm, b–d = 5 μm, e = 500 μm, f–h = 10 μm.
Fig. 2 Torula herbarum (re-drawn from Fig. 22 in Gharizadeh et al. 2004). a On dead wood of Prunus sp. b On dead wood in Someehsara. c On dead wood of Cydonia sp. d On dead wood of Salix. Scale bar = 50 μm.
Importance and distribution
Kadkol et al. (1971) reported naphthaquinone pigments, Herbarin and dehydroherbarin from Torula herbarum. There are 243 Torula epithets in Index Fungorum (2022), but many species have been transferred to other genera such as Acremonium, Alternaria, Arthrinium, Bahusaganda, Baudoinia, Berkeleyomyces, Bispora, Botryobasidium, Buckleyzyma, Candida, Catenularia, Cladophialophora, Coniosporium, Cryptococcus, Cryptocoryneum, Helicoceras, Hendersoniella, Kalchbrenneriella, Lachancea, Latorua, Matsushimaea, Microblastosporon, Monilinia, Naganishia, Neoscytalidium, Oidium, Papiliotrema, Papulaspora, Passalora, Peyronelia, Podosphaera, Polypaecilum, Pseudaegerita, Pseudotaeniolina, Saitozyma, Scopulariopsis, Solicoccozyma, Sphaerosporium, Taeniolella, Taeniolina, Wallemia, Xenodochus and Xylohypha. Torula has wide host range and distribution including Asia (China (Taiwan), Hong Kong, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Russia), Europe (Poland, United Kingdom), South America (Brazil) and The United States (California, Colorado, Idaho). Species that lack molecular data might belong to other genera hence needs constant revision.
References
Crane J, Miller A. 2016 – Studies in genera similar to Torula: Bahusaganda, Bahusandhika, Pseudotorula, and Simmonsiella gen. nov. IMA fungus 7, 29–45.
Crane JL, Schoknecht JD. 1977 – Revision of Torula species. Rutola, a new genus for Torula graminis. Canadian Journal of Botany 55, 3013–3019.
Crous PW, Carris LM, Giraldo A, Groenewald JZ et al. 2015 – The Genera of Fungi – fixing the application of the type species of generic names – G 2: Allantophomopsis, Latorua, Macrodiplodiopsis, Macrohilum, Milospium, Protostegia, Pyricularia, Robillarda, Rotula, Septoriella, Torula, and Wojnowicia. IMA Fungus 6, 163–198.
Ellis MB. 1971 – Dematiaceous hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew.
Ellis MB. 1976 – More dematiaceous hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England.
Gharizadeh KH, Khodaparast SA, Abbasi M, Elahinia SA. 2004 – A study on the identification of wood inhabiting Hyphomycetes in Gilan Province, Iran (II). Rostaniha 5.
Hashmi MH; Morgan-Jones G; Kendrick B. 1973 – Conidium ontogeny in hyphomycetes. The blastoconidia of Cladosporium herbarum and Torula herbarum. Canadian Journal of Botany 51, 1089–1091.
Hughes SJ. 1953 – Conidiophores, conidia, and classification. Canadian Journal of Botany 31, 577–659.
Kadkol M, Gopalkrishnan K, Narasimhachari N. 1971 – Isolation and characterization of naphthaquinone pigments from Torula herbarum (Pers.). Herbarin and dehydroherbarin. The Journal of antibiotics 24, 245–248.
Mason EW. 1941 – Annotated account of fungi received at the Imperial Bureau of Mycology. Mycological Papers 5, 1–144.
Su HY, Luo ZL, Liu XY, Su X et al. 2016 – Lentithecium cangshanense sp. nov. (Lentitheciaceae) from freshwater habitats in Yunnan Province, China. Phytotaxa 267, 61–69.
Su XJ, Luo ZL, Jeewon R, Bhat DJ et al. 2018 – Morphology and multigene phylogeny reveal new genus and species of Torulaceae from freshwater habitats in northwestern Yunnan, China. Mycological Progress 17, 1–15.
Subramanian CV. 1971 – Hyphomycetes. An account of Indian species except Cercosporae. Indian Council of Agricultural Research New Delhi.
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