Pleosporales » Pleosporaceae » Stemphylium

Stemphylium botryosum

Stemphylium botryosum Wallr., Fl. crypt. Germ. (Norimbergae) 2: 300 (1833).

Index Fungorum number: IF 218021; Facesoffungi number: FoF 11666, Fig. 1

Description:

Saprobic on host. Sexual morph: Unknown. Asexual morph: Conidiophores 99−105 × 4.9−5.0 µm (x̄ = 101 × 4.9 µm, n = 10), solitary, straight to curved, occasionally branched, septate, smooth, sub-hyaline, bearing several darkened percurrent renewal sites. Conidiogenous cells swollen at the apex, sub-hyaline, 4.5–5.0 μm wide. Conidia 11.3−20.5 × 9.8−12.8 µm (x̄ = 17.1 × 11.9 µm, n = 10), solitary, conidium body brown, verrucose, ellipsoid to cylindrical, with 2–3 transverse septa and 1(–3) longitudinal or oblique septa per transverse sector, slightly constricted at the transverse septa.

Material examined: France, on leaves or dead stem, 1 January 1879, Roumeguère C (BR5020146151690).

Fig. 1 Stemphylium botryosum (BR5020146151690). a–c Herbarium material and appearance of colonies on the host surface. d Squash mount of conidiomata. e–n Conidia. o–q Conidiophores with conidia. Scale bars: c = 40 μm, d–p = 10 μm, q = 5 μm.

Importance and distribution

Industrial relevance and applications

Stemphylium is useful for pharmaceutical and medical industry as it produces a wide range of chemicals beneficial in cancer treatment. For example, Debbab et al. (2008) reported alterporriol G and its atropisomer, alterporriol H, altersolanol K, altersolanol L, stemphypyrone, and other compounds such as 6-O-methylalaternin, alterporriol A, alterporriol B, alterporriol D, alterporriol E, altersolanol A, altersolanol J and macrosporin which shows cytotoxic activity.

Quarantine significance

Stemphylium vesicarium is a pathogen of several crops listed in the quarantine act of Canada (Stricker et al. 2021).

Biochemical importance of the genus, chemical diversity or applications

Stemphylium produces a wide range of chemicals. SS-toxin reported from S. solani produces necrotic lesions on detached garlic leaves (Zheng et al. 2010). Grove (1971) reported 2,3-dihydro-2-hydroxy-2,4-dimethyl-5-trans-propenylfuran-3-one, dehydrocurvularin, pyrenophorin, Pyrenophorol and radicinin. Stemphylium botryosum also produce the phytotoxin Stemphyloxin I (Barash 1983), the metabolite Radicinin (Clarke 1955). Barash et al. (1982) reported Enolic β-Ketoaldehyde phytotoxin from S. botryosum f. sp. lycopersici. Andersen et al. (1995) reported stemphol from strains of S. botryosum and S. majusculum. Banerjee and Jana (2009) reported exopolysaccharide produced by Stemphylium sp. which is a heteropolysaccharide of glucose and mannose unit. An endophytic strain of S.botryosum is reported to produce altersolanol A (= stemphylin), curvularin, dehydrocurvularin, macrosporin and stemphyperylenol (Aly et al. 2010). Zhou et al. (2014) reported anthraquinone derivatives and alterporriol-type anthranoid dimers from the solid rice fermentation of the fungus Stemphylium sp. 33231 in China. Kurose et al. (2015) reported alterporriols D-G and altersolanol A from S. herbarum. Zhou et al. (2015) reported two stemphol sulfates, stemphol A and stemphol B from endophytic Stemphylium sp. 33231 which exhibit antibacterial activities against pathogenic bacteria. Olsen et al. (2018) reported several host-specific toxins such as (SV-toxins I and II), alterporriols D and E, alterporriols H and K, altersolanol A (= stemphylin), altersolanol L, altersolanols B and C, macrosporin, stemphypyrone. Stricker et al. (2021) reported aromatic polyketides, which are toxins that harm plants and other fungal species, ferric chelates and glucosides. Zhou et al. (2014) reported the bioactive Anthraquinone Derivatives from the mangrove-derived Stemphylium sp. 33231. There are 158 Stemphylium epithets in Index Fungorum (2022) but many species have been transferred to other genera such as Alternaria, Fumago, Helicoon, Helicorhoidion, Hermatomyces, Monodictys, Papulaspora, Piricauda, Sarcinella, Septosporium, Tetracoccosporium and Thyrostromella. Stemphylium comprises 99 species known on many host plants. Stemphylium is cosmopolitan in distribution. Stemphylium leaf blight of garlic (Allium sativum) in China and Spain leads to severe crop losses (Gálvez et al. 2016). Stemphylium blight (S. vesicarium) affects onion seed crop in India (Srivastava et al. 1995). Stemphylium leaf spot (SLS) caused by S. botryosum f. sp. spinacia affects baby spinach (Spinacia oleracea) in Florida (Wadlington et al. 2018). Host-specific strain of Stemphylium causes leaf spot disease of spinach in California (Koike et al. 2001).

References

Andersen B, Solfrizzo M, Visconti A. 1995 – Metabolite profiles of common Stemphylium species. Mycological Research 99, 672–676.

Banerjee D, Jana M. 2009 – Production of Exopolysaccharide by Endophytic Stemphylium SP. Micología Aplicada Internacional 21, 57–62.

Barash I, Manulis S, Kashman Y, Springer JP, Chen MH, Clardy J, Strobel GA. 1983 – Crystallization and X-ray Analysis of Stemphyloxin I, a Phytotoxin from Stemphylium botryosum. Science (New York, N.Y.) 220 (4601), 1065–1066.

Brahamanage RS, Hyde KD, Li XH, Jayawardena RS, McKenzie EHC, Yan JY. 2018 – Are pathogenic isolates of Stemphylium host specific and cosmopolitan? Plant Pathology & Quarantine 8, 153–164.

Brahmanage R, Wanasinghe D, Dayarathne M, Jeewon R et al. 2019 – Morphology and phylogeny reveal Stemphylium dianthi sp. nov. and new host records for the sexual morphs of S. beticola, S. gracilariae, S. simmonsii and S. vesicariumfrom Italy and Russia. Phytotaxa 411, 243–263.

Camara MPS, O'Neill NR, van Berkum P. 2002 – Phylogeny of Stemphylium spp. based on ITS and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene sequences. Mycologia 94, 660–672.

Chaisrisook C, Skinner DZ, Stuteville DL. 1995 – Molecular genetic relationships of five Stemphylium species pathogenic to alfalfa. Sydowia 47, 1–9.

Clarke DD, Nord FF. 1955 – Radicinin: a metabolite from Stemphylium radicinum. I. Chemistry and action. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics 59, 269–284.

Crous PW, Wingfield MJ, Richardson DM, Le Roux JJ et al. 2016b – Fungal Planet description sheets: 400–468. Persoonia 36, 316–458.

Debbab A, Aly A, Edrada-Ebel R, Wray V et al. 2009 – Bioactive Metabolites from the Endophytic Fungus Stemphylium globuliferum Isolated from Mentha pulegium. Journal of natural products 72, 626–631.

Gálvez L, Gil-Serna J, García M, Iglesias C, Palmero D. 2016 – Stemphylium Leaf Blight of Garlic (Allium sativum) in Spain: Taxonomy and In Vitro Fungicide Response. The Plant Pathology Journal 32, 388–395.

Grove J. 1971 – Metabolic products of Stemphylium radicinum. Part IV. Minor products. Journal of The Chemical Society C: Organic. Perkin transactions 1, 12, 2261–2263.

Hongsanan S, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Hyde KD, Samarakoon M, Jeewon R, Zhao Q, Bahkali A. 2017 – An updated phylogeny of Sordariomycetes based on phylogenetic and molecular clock evidence. Fungal Diversity 84, 75–99.

Inderbitzin P, Mehta Y, Berbee M. 2009 – Pleospora species with Stemphylium anamorphs: A four locus phylogeny resolves new lineages yet does not distinguish among species in the Pleospora herbarum clade. Mycologia 101, 329–339.

Kodsueb R, Dhanasekaran V, Aptroot A, Lumyong S, McKenzie E, Hyde KD, Jeewon R. 2006 –The family Pleosporaceae: Intergeneric relationships and phylogenetic perspectives based on sequence analyses of partial 28S rDNA. Mycologia 98, 571–583.

Koike S, Henderson D, Butler E. 2001 – Host-specific strain of Stemphylium causes leaf spot disease of California spinach. California Agriculture 55, 31–34.

Olsen KJK, Rossman A, Andersen B. 2018 – Metabolite production by species of Stemphylium. Fungal Biology 122(2-3), 172–181.

Pei YF, Wang Y, Geng Y, O’Neill NR, Zhang XG. 2011 – Three novel species of Stemphylium from Sinkiang, China: their morphological and molecular characterization. Mycological Progress 10, 163–173.

Phukhamsakda C, McKenzie EHC, Phillips AJL, Jones EBG et al. 2020 – Microfungi associated with Clematis (Ranunculaceae) with an integrated approach to delimiting species boundaries. Fungal Diversity 102, 1–203.