Pyrenophora phaeocomes
Pyrenophora phaeocomes (Rebent.) Fr., Summa veg. Scand., Sectio Post. (Stockholm): 397 (1849).
≡ Sphaeria phaeocomes Rebent., Prodr. fl. neomarch. (Berolini): 338 (1804).
Index Fungorum number: IF 222199; Facesoffungi number: FoF 00010, Fig. 1
Description: see Ariyawansa et al. (2014).
Material examined: see Ariyawansa et al. (2014).
Fig. 1 Pyrenophora phaeocomes (UPS 170980, neotype). a, b Appearance of ascomata on host substrate. c Section through ascomata. d Peridium. e Ostiole, with central periphyses. f, g Asci with ascospores. h, i Ascospores. Scale bars: c = 200 μm, d = 30 μm, e–g = 50 μm, h, i = 10 μm.
Importance and distribution
Industrial relevance and applications
Pyrenophora produces some compounds useful for agricultural industry as biocontrol agent. Pyrenolides A, B, and C produced by P. teres show growth inhibiting and morphogenic activities towards other fungi (Backes et al. 2021). Pyrenolide C leads to hyphal growth inhibition and the formation of swollen hyphae in Cochliobolous lunata (Nukina et al. 1980).
Biochemical importance of the genus, chemical diversity or applications
Pyrenophora produces several compounds such as proteinaceous toxins and low molecular weight aspergillomarasmine-derived toxins leading to the necrosis and chlorosis (Sarpeleh et al. 2007, 2008). Masi et al. (2014a) reported spirocyclic γ-lactam, named spirostaphylotrichin W, closely related spirostaphylotrichins A, C, D, R and V, triticone E, from the liquid cultures of P. semeniperda. Nukina et al. (2014) reported two Pyrenolides termed as fungal Morphogenic Substances produced by P. teres. In addition to pyrenolines and pyrenolides, P. teres also produces three other toxins, such as aspergilomarasmine A, N-(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl) aspartic acid and anhydrospergillomarasmine A. There are 165 Pyrenophora epithets in Index Fungorum (2022), but several species have been transferred to other genera such as Alternaria, Capronia, Cilioplea, Comoclathris, Dictyotrichiella, Gibbera, Graphyllium, Mycosphaerella, Neocamarosporium, Nodulosphaeria, Pleospora, Septoria, Stemphylium and Teichospora. Pyrenophora has wide host range such as Androsace sp. (Primulaceae), Azorella sp. (Apiaceae), Chamaejasme sp. (Thymelaeaceae), Cynosurus cristatus (Poaceae), Dichelachne crinita (Poaceae), Festuca rubra (Poaceae), Hierochloe redolens (Poaceae), Lolium multiflorum (Poaceae), Silene acaulis (Caryophyllaceae) and Triticum aestivum (Poaceae). Pyrenophora has wide geographical distribution including Asia (China, Uzbekistan), Europe (Austria, Finland, France, Germany, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sweden), New Zealand, North America (Canada, The United States) and South America (Argentina). Pyrenophora tritici-repentis causes tan spot, a major leaf spot disease of wheat worldwide (Orabi et al. 2002). Pyrenophora teres is the causal agent of net blotch of barley (Hordeum vulgare) resulting in reduced yield and seed quality (Clare et al. 2019). Pyrenophora graminea is mostly seedborne (Pecchioni et al. 2008). The Pyrenophora complex causes several diseases in barley (Backes et al. 2021).
References
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Backes A, Guerriero G, Ait Barka E, Jacquard C. 2021 – Pyrenophora teres: Taxonomy, Morphology, Interaction with Barley, and Mode of Control. Frontiers in Plant Science 12, 614951.
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Pecchioni N, Valè G, Toubia‐Rahme H, Faccioli P, Terzi V, Delogu G, Fischbeck G. 2008 – Barley–Pyrenophora graminea interaction: QTL analysis and gene mapping. Plant Breeding 118, 29–35.
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Sarpeleh A, Tate ME, Wallwork H, Catcheside D, Able AJ. 2008 – Characterization of low molecular weight phytotoxins isolated from Pyrenophora teres. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 73, 154–162.
Sarpeleh A, Wallwork H, Catcheside D, Tate M, Able A. 2007 – Proteinaceous Metabolites from Pyrenophora teres Contribute to Symptom Development of Barley Net Blotch. Phytopathology 97, 907–915.
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Zhang G, & Berbee ML. 2001 – Pyrenophora Phylogenetics Inferred from ITS and Glyceradehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Gene Sequences. Mycologia 93, 1048–1063. https://doi.org/10.2307/3761667
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