Pleosporales » Pleosporaceae » Bipolaris

Bipolaris maydis

Bipolaris maydis (Y. Nisik. & C. Miyake) Shoemaker, Can. J. Bot. 33: 882 (1959).

≡ Helminthosporium maydis Y. Nisik. & C. Miyake, Journal of Plant Protection, Tokyo 13(1): 23 (1926).

Index Fungorum number: IF 293684; Facesoffungi number: FoF 00504, Fig. 1

Description: see Manamgoda et al. (2014); Bhunjun et al. (2020).

Material examined: see Manamgoda et al. (2014); Bhunjun et al. (2020).

Fig. 1 Bipolaris maydis (BPI 626700, CBS 241.92). a Ascomata. b Section through ascoma. c, d Asci with ascospores. e, f Conidiophores. g–j Conidia. Scale bars: a = 300 μm, b = 50 μm, c = 20 μm, d = 10 μm, e–j = 5 μm.

Fig. 2 Bipolaris spp. conidia. a B. maydis (BPI 626700, CBS 241.92). b B. chloridis (IMI 213865). c B. clavata (IMI 264352). d B. coffeana (IMI 144159). e B. cynodontis (BPI 626389, CBS 109894). f B. drechsleri (CBS 136207). g B. gossypina (IMI 123377). h B. peregianensis (DAR 35057) i B. stenospila (BPI 430476, BPI 430474, BPI 430476). j B. zeicola (BPI 626376, BPI 626668, FIP 532). Scale bars: a, b, f, i, j = 5 μm, c–e, g, h = 10 μm.

Importance and distribution

Bipolaris is an opportunistic pathogenic genus widely distributed in air, soil, and plants (Choudhry 2010). Bipolaris oryzae is the causal agent of fungal brown spot, the most devastating disease affecting American wild rice (Zizania palustris) (Johnson and Percich 1992).

Industrial relevance and applications

Bipolaris produces several chemical compounds having antimalarial, antibiofouling, antilarval, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, leishmanicidal and phytotoxicity properties (Khiralla et al. 2019). For example, bipolarinoids A–F and two known congeners is reported from a soil-derived Bipolaris zeicola. Bipolarinoids exhibit inhibitory activity against concanavalin A (ConA)-induced T lymphocyte proliferation (Liu et al. 2021).

Quarantine significance

Bipolaris also causes Phaeohyphomycosis in human (Adam et al. 1986).

Biochemical importance of the genus, chemical diversity or applications

Kono et al. (1981) reported host-specific pathotoxin complex isolated from the culture filtrate and mycelial mat of Bipolaris (Helminthosporium) maydis, race T. Bipolaroxin, a selective phytotoxin is reported from B. cynodontis (Sugawara et al. 1985). Bipolaris zeicola race 3, the causal agent of leaf spot disease in maize produces host-selective toxins namely, BZR-cotoxins I-IV (Pedras et al. 2006). Bipolamides A and B, triene amides is reported from the endophytic Bipolaris sp. MU34 (Siriwach et al. 2013). Giridharan et al. (2014) reported antiproliferative activity of Hamigerone and Radicinol isolated from B. papendorfii. Sorokiniol is an enzymes inhibitory metabolite from endophytic B. sorokiniana LK12 (Ali et al. 2016). Other compounds such as 11-epiterpestacin glycoside (11-ETG), sativene-type sesquiterpenoid natural products, sesterterpenoid, bipolenins K-N (1-4) are isolated from Bipolaris (Phan et al. 2019). Liu et al. (2019) reported Bipolaricins A–I, Ophiobolin-Type Tetracyclic Sesterterpenes from a Pathogenic Bipolaris sp. Phan et al. (2019) reported Bipolenins K–N which are sesquiterpenoids from B. sorokiniana.

There are 130 Bipolaris epithets in Index Fungorum (2022), but several species have been transferred to Cochliobolus, Curvularia, Drechslera, Exserohilum, Johnalcornia and Pyrenophora. Bipolaris comprises 45 species (Bhunjun et al. 2021) known on various host plants, especially monocotyledons including Chloris gayana (Poaceae), Cymbopogon winterianus (Poaceae), Cynodon dactylon (Poaceae), Dactylis sp. (Poaceae), Hordeum vulgare (Poaceae), Medicago laciniata (Fabaceae), Oryza sativa (Poaceae), Pandanus sp. (Pandanaceae), Paspalum sp. (Poaceae), Passiflora edulis (Passifloraceae), Pennisetum americanum (Poaceae), Pennisetum typhoides (Poaceae), Quercus xalapensis (Fagaceae), Senecio mesogrammoides (Compositae), Senna angustifolia (Fabaceae), Setaria pumila (Poaceae), Sorghum sp. (Poaceae) and Zea mays (Poaceae). Bipolaris is cosmopolitan in distribution.

References

Adam RD, Paquin ML, Petersen EA, Saubolle MA et al. 1986 – Phaeohyphomycosis caused by the fungal genera Bipolaris and Exserohilum. A report of 9 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 65(4), 203–17. doi: 10.1097/00005792-198607000-00001.

Alcorn JL. 1978 – Two new Cochliobolus species. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 70, 61–65.

Alcorn JL. 1990 – Additions to Cochliobolus, Bipolaris and Curvularia. Mycotaxon 39, 361–392.

Ali L, Khan AL, Hussain J, Al-Harrasi A et al. 2016 – Sorokiniol: a new enzymes inhibitory metabolite from fungal endophyte Bipolaris sorokiniana LK12. BMC Microbiology 16, 103. doi: 10.1186/s12866-016-0722-7.

Berbee ML, Carmean DA, Winka K. 2000 – Ribosomal DNA and resolution of branching order among the ascomycota: how many nucleotides are enough? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 17, 337–344.

Berbee ML, Pirseyedi M, Hubbard S. 1999 – Cochliobolus phylogenetics and the origin of known, highly virulent pathogens, inferred from ITS and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene sequences. Mycologia 91, 964–977.

Bhunjun CS, Dong Y, Jayawardena RS, Jeewon R et al. 2020 – A polyphasic approach to delineate species in Bipolaris. Fungal Diversity 102, 225–256.

Choudhry A, Tucci V, Greene J. 2010 – Disseminated Bipolaris Infection. Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice 18, 296–298.

da Cunha KC, Sutton DA, Fothergill AW, Gené J et al. 2013 – In vitro antifungal susceptibility and molecular identity of 99 clinical isolates of the opportunistic fungal genus Curvularia. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 76, 168–174.

Drechsler C. 1934 – Phytopathological and taxonomical aspects of Ophilobolus, Pyrenophora, Helminthosporium and a new genus Cochliobolus. Phytopathology 24, 953–981.

Giridharan P, Verekar SA, Gohil AR, Mishra PD, Khanna A, Deshmukh SK. 2014 –Antiproliferative activity of hamigerone and radicinol isolated from Bipolaris papendorfii. BioMed research international 890904. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/890904

Johnson DR, Percich JA. 1992– Wild rice domestication, fungal brown spot disease and the future of commercial production in Minnesota. Plant Disease 76, 1193–8.

Khiralla A, Rosella S, Saliba-Cisneros S, Laurain-Mattar D. 2019 – Diversity of natural products of the genera Curvularia and Bipolaris. Fungal Biology Reviews 33, 101–122.

Kono Y, Takeuchi S, Kawarada A, Daly JM, Knoche HW. 1981 – Studies on the Host-specific Pathotoxins Produced by Bipolaris (Helminthosporium) maydis, Race T, Characterization of the Minor C35-, C47- and C49-Components of the Toxin Complex and Evidence Bearing on the Stereo-chemistry of Hydroxyl Groups. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 45, 2111–2115.

Link JHF. 1809 – Observationes in ordines plantarum naturales. Dissertatio Ima Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, Magazine 3, 3–42.

Link JHF. 1824 – Species Hyphomycetum et Gymnomycetum. In: Linne C., (ed) Species Plantarum. G.C. Nauk; Germany: 1824. pp. 1–33.

Liu M, Sun W, Shen L, Hao X et al. 2019 – Bipolaricins A-I, Ophiobolin-Type Tetracyclic Sesterterpenes from a Phytopathogenic Bipolaris sp. Fungus. Journal of Natural Products 82, 2897–2906. doi: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00744.

Liu M, Zhang X, Shen L, Lin S et al. 2021 – Meroterpenoids with Potent Immunosuppressive Activity from Fungus Bipolaris zeicola. Chinese Journal of Chemistry 39, 2460–2466. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjoc.202100233

Madrid H, da Cunha KC, Gené J, Dijksterhuis J et al. 2014 – Novel Curvularia species from clinical specimens. Persoonia 33, 48–60.

Manamgoda DS, Cai L, McKenzie EHC, Crous PW et al. 2012 – A phylogenetic and taxonomic re-evaluation of the Bipolaris - Cochliobolus - Curvularia Complex. Fungal Diversity 56, 131–144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-012-0189-2

Manamgoda DS, Rossman AY, Castlebury LA, Crous PW et al. 2014 – The genus Bipolaris. Studies in Mycology 79, 221–288.

Nelson RR. 1964 – The perfect stage of Helminthosporium cynodontis. Mycologia 56, 64–69.

Paul R, Parbery DG. – The perfect stage of Helminthosporium bicolor. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 49, 385–386.

Pedras MS, Sarwar MG, Suchy M, Adio AM. 2006 – The phytoalexins from cauliflower, caulilexins A, B and C: isolation, structure determination, syntheses and antifungal activity. Phytochemistry 67, 1503–9. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.05.020

Phan CS, Li H, Kessler S, Solomon PS, Piggott AM, Chooi YH. 2019 – Bipolenins K-N: New sesquiterpenoids from the fungal plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. Beilstein journal of organic chemistry 15, 2020–2028.

Rossman AY, Manamgoda DS, Hyde KD. 2013a – Proposal to conserve the name Bipolaris against Cochliobolus (Ascomycota: Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae) Taxon 62, 1331–1332.

Rossman AY, Manamgoda DS, Hyde KD. 2013b – Proposal to conserve the name Helminthosporium maydis Y. Nisik. & C. Miyake (Bipolaris maydis) against H. maydis Brond. and Ophiobolus heterostrophus (Ascomycota: Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae). Taxon 62, 1332–1333.

Siriwach R, Kinoshita H, Kitani S, Igarashi Y, Pansuksan K, Panbangred W, Nihira T. 2014 –Bipolamides A and B, triene amides isolated from the endophytic fungus Bipolaris sp. MU34. The Journal of Antibiotics (Tokyo) 67(2), 167–70. doi: 10.1038/ja.2013.103

Sugawara F, Strobel G, Fisher LE, Van Duyne GD, Clardy J. 1985 – Bipolaroxin, a Selective Phytotoxin Produced by Bipolaris cynodontis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 82, 8291–8294.

Tsuda M, Ueyama A. 1985 – Two new Pseudocochliobolus and a new species of Curvularia. Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan 26, 321–330.

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