Parastagonospora nodorum
Parastagonospora nodorum (Berk.) Quaedvl., Verkley & Crous, Stud. Mycol. 75: 363 (2013).
≡ Depazea nodorum Berk., Gard. Chron., London: 601 (1845).
Index Fungorum number: IF 804438; Facesoffungi number: FoF 11644, Fig. 1
Description: see Quaedvlieg et al. (2013).
Material considered: see Quaedvlieg et al. (2013).
Fig. 1 Parastagonospora sp. (a–g Parastagonospora campignensis MFLU 15–1480, holotype). a Ascomata on host substrate. b Section of ascoma. c Section of peridium. d Pseudoparaphyses. e Asci. f, g Ascospores. h–p P.forlicesenica (MFLU 13–0100, holotype) h Ascomata on host substrate. i Sections through ascomata. j Peridium. k Pseudoparaphyses. l, m Asci. n Apex of ascus. o, p Ascospores. q–x P. allouniseptata (MFLU 15–0698, holotype) q Conidiomata. r Section through conidioma. s Peridium. t–v Conidiogenous cells and developing conidia. w, x Conidia. Scale bars: a, h = 200 μm, b, i, r = 50 μm, c, e, j = 20 μm, d, o, p, t–x = 5 μm, f, g, k–n, s = 10 μm, q = 100 μm.
Importance and distribution
Parastagonospora is useful for pharmaceutical and medical industry as several VOCs is reported from Parastagonospora nodorum which exhibit phytotoxic, antibiotic, and self-inhibitory properties (Muria-Gonzalez et al. 2020).
Biochemical importance of the genus, chemical diversity or applications
Parastagonospora produces wide range of chemicals. Chooi et al. (2015) reported that the SnPKS19 encodes the Polyketide Synthase for Alternariol Mycotoxin Biosynthesis in Parastagonospora nodorum affecting wheat. Parastagonospora nodorum produces effectors like ToxA, Tox1 and Tox3 (Liu et al. 2012), phytotoxic α‑Pyrones (Li et al. 2018). Several alcohols and esters were reported in the VOCs mixture such as 2-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 2-phenylethanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol as well as polyketide mullein and other sesquiterpenes such as-elemene and eudesma-4,11-diene (Muria-Gonzalez et al. 2020). Veselova et al. (2021) reported multiple fungal necrotrophic effectors (NEs) (SnTox) that cause necrosis and chlorosis in wheat lines having dominant susceptibility genes (Snn). El-Demerdash et al. (2022) reported cytotoxic constituents from the wheat plant pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum SN15 such as isoleucinic acid derivatives and cis procuramine. Outram et al. (2021) studied the structure and function of SnTox3 and showed that this effector causes cell death in wheat-lines carrying the sensitivity gene Snn3.
Parastagonospora comprises 19 species known on plants such as Lolium multiflorum (Poaceae), Carex acutiformis (Cyperaceae), Phalaris arundinacea (Poaceae), Dactylis sp. (Poaceae), Leymus chinensis (Poaceae), Lolium perenne (Poaceae), Triticum dicoccum (Poaceae), Phoenix canariensis (Arecaceae), Phragmites sp. (Poaceae) and Poa sp. (Poaceae). Parastagonospora phoenicicola has been synonymized and transferred to Phaeosphaeria. Parastagonospora is known from Asia (China), Europe (Denmark, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, New York, Turkey) and Oceania (Australia, New Zealand). Parastagonospora avenae is the causal agent of leaf blotch of barley and rye, and is considered as an important pathogen of oats (Cunfer 2000). Parastagonospora nodorum is a major necrotrophic pathogen of wheat causing leaf and glume blotch and it also infects barley (Cunfer 2000, Oliver et al. 2012).
References
Chooi YH, Muria-Gonzalez MJ, Mead OL, Solomon PS. 2015 – SnPKS19 Encodes the Polyketide Synthase for Alternariol Mycotoxin Biosynthesis in the Wheat Pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum. Applied and environmental microbiology 81, 5309–5317.
Cunfer B. 2000 – Stagonospora and Septoria diseases of barley, oat, and rye. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 22, 332–348.
El-Demerdash A, Borde C, Genta-Jouve G, Escargueil A, Prado S. 2022 – Cytotoxic constituents from the wheat plant pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum SN15. Natural Product Research 36, 1273–1281.
Li H, Hu J, Wei H, Solomon PS et al. 2018 – Chemical Ecogenomics-Guided Discovery of Phytotoxic α-Pyrones from the Fungal Wheat Pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum. Organic Letters 20, 6148–6152. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02617.
Liu Z, Zhang Z, Faris JD, Oliver RP et al. 2012 – The cysteine rich necrotrophic effector SnTox1 produced by Stagonospora nodorum triggers susceptibility of wheat lines harboring Snn1. PLoS pathogens 8, e1002467.
Marin-Felix Y, Hernández-Restrepo M, Iturrieta-González I, García D et al. 2019 – Genera of phytopathogenic fungi: GOPHY 3. Studies in Mycology 94, 1–124.
Muria-Gonzalez MJ, Yeng Y, Breen S, Mead O et al. 2020 – Volatile Molecules Secreted by the Wheat Pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum Are Involved in Development and Phytotoxicity. Frontiers in Microbiology 11, 466.
Oliver R, Friesen T, Faris J, Solomon P. 2012 – Stagonospora nodorum: From Pathology to Genomics and Host Resistance. Annual review of phytopathology 50, 23–43.
Outram MA, Sung YC, Yu D, Dagvadorj B et al. 2021 – The crystal structure of SnTox3 from the necrotrophic fungus Parastagonospora nodorum reveals a unique effector fold and provides insight into Snn3 recognition and pro-domain protease processing of fungal effectors. New Phytologist 231, 2282–2296.
Quaedvlieg W, Verkley GJM, Shin HD, Barreto RW et al. 2013 – Sizing up Septoria. Studies in Mycology 75, 307–390.
Veselova S, Nuzhnaya T, Burkhanova G, Rumyantsev S, Maksimov I. 2021 – Reactive Oxygen Species in Host Plant Are Required for an Early Defense Response against Attack of Stagonospora nodorum Berk. Necrotrophic Effectors SnTox. Plants (Basel, Switzerland) 10 (8), 1586.
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