Pleosporales » Massarinaceae » Helminthosporium

Helminthosporium velutinum

Helminthosporium velutinum Link [as 'Helmisporium'], Mag. Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin 3(1-2): 10 (1809).

           Index Fungorum number: IF 250075; Facesoffungi number: FoF 01053, Fig. 1

Description: see Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2017).

Material considered: see Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2017).

Fig. 1 Helminthosporium velutinum (HKAS 84015). a–c Colonies on the substrate. d Conidiophores. e Conidiophore and conidia. f Apical portion of conidiophores. g Conidia. Scale bars: d = 100 μm, e–g = 20 μm.

Importance and distribution

Biochemical importance of the genus, chemical diversity or applications

Helminthosporium produces wide range of compounds. Steiner (1971) reported Helminthosporoside from the sugar cane fungus pathogen Helminthosporium sacchari. Tsuda et al. (1972) studied the chemical components of the Lipid of Helminthosporium oryzae. De Mayo et al. (1962) reported Helminthosporal, a toxin from Helminthosporium Sativum. Shotwell and Ellis (1976) reported pigments such as polyhydroxyanthraquinones, polyhydroxyxanthones, antibiotics such asophiobolins, monocerins, siccanin, and helmintin and mycotoxin such as sterigmatocystin, phytotoxin such as helminthosporal from Helminthosporium (Shotwell & Ellis 1976). Kono et al. (1980) reported two host-specific pathotoxins, Band 1- and Band 2- toxins from Helminthosporium maydis, race T, which is the causal agent of Southern corn blight disease.

 

There are 501 Helminthosporium epithets in Index Fungorum (2022), but many species have been transferred to other genera such as Acroconidiellina, Acrogenospora, Alternaria, Alternariaster, Antennatula, Bipolaris, Bitunicostilbe, Brachysporium, Chaetosphaerella, Cladosporium, Cochliobolus, Corynespora, Curvularia, Dendryphion, Dendryphiopsis, Drechslera, Ellisembia, Ellismarsporium, Endophragmiella, Eriocercospora, Eversia, Exosporium, Exserohilum, Hyphosoma, Minimelanolocus, Nakataea, Neopodoconis, Ormathodium, Paratomenticola, Passalora, Penzigomyces, Phragmocephala, Pirozynskiella, Pleurophragmium, Pseudocercospora, Pseudopithomyces, Pyrenophora, Pyriculariopsis, Questieriella, Repetophragma, Septoidium, Sirosporium, Solicorynespora, Spadicoides, Spiropes, Sporhelminthium, Sporidesmium, Stemphylium, Stigmina, Strigopodia, Strossmayeria, Thysanorea, Utrechtiana, Venturia and Zasmidium. Helminthosporium has a wide distribution such as Asia (China (Taiwan), India, Japan, Pakistan, Russia), Caribbean (Cuba), Europe (Austria, Belarus, Italy, Poland, United Kingdom), New Zealand, North America (Canada), Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and The United States (Alabama, Washington). Helminthosporium is known on many plants.

 

References

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Barr ME. 1993 – Notes on the Pleomassariaceae. Mycotaxon 49, 129–142

Baschien C, Tsui CKM, Gulis V, Szewzyk U, Marvanová L. 2013 – The molecular phylogeny of aquatic hyphomycetes with affinity to the Leotiomycetes. Fungal Biology 117, 660–672.

Crous PW, Wingfield MJ, Richardson DM, Le Roux JJ et al. 2016 – Fungal Planet description sheets: 400–468. Persoonia 36, 316–458.

de Mayo P, Robinson JR, Spencer EY, White RW. 1962 – The biogenesis of helminthosporal. Experientia 18, 359–360.

Ellis MB.  1961 – Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. III. Mycological Papers 82,1–55. 

Fries EM. 1823 – Systema Mycologicum, sistens fungorum ordines, genera et species hucusque cognitas, II, pars II, 276–620.

Hongsanan S, Hyde KD, Phookamsak R, Wanasinghe DN et al. 2020a – Refined families of Dothideomycetes: Dothideomycetidae and Pleosporomycetidae. Mycosphere 11,1553–2107.

Hughes SJ. 1953 – Conidiophores, conidia, and classification. Canadian Journal of Botany 31, 577–659.

Hughes SJ. 1958 – Revisiones hyphomycetum aliquot cum appendice de nominibus rejiciendis. Canadian Journal of Botany 36, 727–836.

Hyde KD, Jones EBG, Liu JK, Ariyawansa H et al. 2013 – Families of Dothideomycetes. Fungal Diversity 63, 1–313.

Kodsueb R, Lumyong S, Ho WH, Hyde KD et al. 2007 – Morphological and molecular characterization of Aquaticheirospora and phylogenetics of Massarinaceae (Pleosporales). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 155, 283–296.

Kono Y, Takeuchi S, Kawarada A, Daly JM, Knoche HW. 1981 – Studies on the Host-specific Pathotoxins Produced by Bipolaris (Helminthosporium) maydis, Race T, Characterization of the Minor C35-, C47- and C49-Components of the Toxin Complex and Evidence Bearing on the Stereo-chemistry of Hydroxyl Groups. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 45, 2111–2115.

Link JHF. 1809 – Observationes in ordines plantarum naturales. Dissertatio 1ma. Magazin der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 3, 3–42.

Luttrell ES. 1963 – Taxonomic criteria in Helminthosporium. Mycologia 55, 643–674.

Luttrell ES. 1964 – Systematics of Helminthosporium and related genera. Mycologia 56, 119–132.

Shenoy BD, Jeewon R, Wu WP, Bhat DJ, Hyde KD. 2006 – Ribosomal and rpb2 DNA sequence analyses suggest that Sporidesmium and morphologically similar genera are polyphyletic. Mycological Research 110, 916–928.

Shoemaker RA, LeClair PM. 1975 – Type studies of Massaria from the Wehmeyer collection. Canadian Journal of Botany 53, 1568–1598.

Shotwell O, Ellis J. 1976 – Helminthosporium, Drechslera, and Bipolaris Toxins. Mycotoxins and Other Fungal Related Food Problems 318–343.

Siboe GM, Kirk PM, Cannon PF. 1999 – New dematiaceous hyphomycetes from Kenyan rare plants. Mycotaxon 73, 283–302.

Sivanesan A. 1987 – Graminicolous species of Bipolaris, Curvularia, Exserohilum and their teleomorphs. Mycological Papers 158, 1–261.

Steiner GW, Strobel GA. 1971 – Helminthosporoside, a host-specific toxin from Helminthosporium sacchari. The Journal of biological chemistry 246, 4350–4357.

Subramanian CV, Sekar G. 1987 – Three bitunicate ascomycetes and their tretic anamorphs. Kavaka 15, 87–98.

Tanaka K, Hirayama K, Yonezawa H, Sato G et al. 2015 – Revision of the Massarineae (Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes). Studies in Mycology 82, 75–136.

Tsuda M, Ueyama A, Nakano M, Fujino Y. 1972 – Chemical Components of the Lipid of Helminthosporium oryzae. Japanese Journal of Phytopathology 38, 60–67.

Voglmayr H, Jaklitsch WM. 2017 – Corynespora, Exosporium and Helminthosporium revisited– New species and generic reclassification. Studies in Mycology 87, 43–76.

 

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