Lophiostoma macrostomum
Lophiostoma macrostomum (Tode) Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 1(fasc. 4): 219 (1863).
≡ Sphaeria macrostoma Tode, Fung. mecklenb. sel. (Lüneburg) 2: 12 (1791).
Index Fungorum number: IF 149287; Facesoffungi number: FoF 00797, Fig. 1
Description: see Tanaka et al. (2005); Thambugala et al. (2014).
Material considered: see Tanaka et al. (2005); Thambugala et al. (2014).
Fig. 1 Lophiostoma macrostomum (a–f, i, j from Leptotype (UPS!); g, h from IFRD 2005). a Appearance of ascomata on the host surface. b Section through ascoma. c Pseudoparaphyses. d–f Asci. g–j Ascospores. Scale bars: b = 200 μm, c–j = 10 μm.
Importance and distribution
Industrial relevance and applications
Lophiostoma is useful for pharmaceutical industry as it produces several compounds such as Craterellin A and D (Zheng et al. 2015), Lophiostomin (Mao et al. 2020), Oxasetin (Shushni et al. 2013), and Phenalenone (Intaraudom et al. 2015).
Biochemical importance of the genus, chemical diversity or applications
Shushni et al. (2013) reported Oxasetin from Lophiostoma sp. in the Baltic Sea and this compound had antibacterial activity against fish pathogenic bacteria. Zheng et al. (2015) reported craterellin A, craterellin D, merosesquiterpenoid, from a soft coral‐derived Lophiostoma sp. Craterellin A and D had antibacterial activities against Bacillus cereus. Mao et al. (2020) reported Lophiostomin A–D, 3,4-dihydroisocoumarin derivatives from the endophytic Lophiostoma sp. azaanthraquinone derivatives and shows weak antibacterial activity against Ralstonia solanacearum. There is also evidence from El-Bondkly et al. (2021) that Lophiostoma sp. exhibits good antibacterial activity against different G-positive and G-negative bacteria.
There are 246 Lophiostoma epithets in Index Fungorum (2022), but many species have been transferred to other genera such as Anteaglonium, Astrosphaeriella, Bertia, Broomella, Caryospora, Chaetomastia, Coelodictyosporium, Diaporthe, Helicogermslita, Herpotrichia, Lentistoma, Leptospora, Lindgomyces, Lophiotrema, Lophodermium, Massarina, Melanomma, Neovaginatispora, Ostropella, Parapaucispora, Platystomum, Pseudotrichia, Rimora, Setoseptoria, Sigarispora, Thyridaria, Trematosphaeria and Xenolophium. Lophiostoma comprises 110 species known on a wide range of plants such as Agropyron sp. (Poaceae), Amaranthus graecizans (Amaranthaceae), Anthriscus silvestris (Apiaceae), Arctium lappa (Asteraceae), Artemisia sp. (Asteraceae), Asparagus aphyllus (Asparagaceae), Calamagrostis arundinacea (Poaceae), Centaurea jacea (Asteraceae), Chrysothamnus nauseosus (Asteraceae), Clematis alpina (Ranunculaceae), Phragmites sp. (Poaceae), Sasa palmata (Poaceae), Scirpus sp. (Cyperaceae), Vitis sp. (Vitaceae) and Zea sp. (Poaceae). Some taxa of Lophiostoma are associated with grapevine trunk diseases (Mondello et al. 2020). Lophiostoma has wide distribution such as Asia (Japan, Pakistan), Europe (Denmark, Germany, Georgia, Greece, Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom) and The United States (Rhode Island). Lophiostoma is very species rich but with taxonomic pitfalls. A revision of Lophiostoma is needed as several species may not belong to this genus.
References
Abdel-Wahab MA, Jones EBG. 2000 – Three new marine Ascomycetes from driftwood in Australia sand dunes. Mycoscience 41, 379– 388.
Barr ME. 1990 – Melanommatales (Loculoascomycetes). North American Flora 13(II), 1–129.
Checa J.1997 – Annotated list of the Lophiostomataceae and Mytilinidiaceae (Dothideales, Ascomycotina) reported from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands. Mycotaxon 63, 467–491.
Chesters CGC, Bell A. 1970 – Studies in the Lophiostomataceae Sacc. Mycological Papers 120, 1–55.
El-Bondkly EAM, El-Bondkly AAM, El-Bondkly AAM. 2021– Marine endophytic fungal metabolites: A whole new world of pharmaceutical therapy exploration. Heliyon 7, e06362.
Hirayama K, Tanaka K. 2011– Taxonomic revision of Lophiostoma and Lophiotrema based on reevaluation of morphological characters and molecular analyses. Mycoscience 52, 401–412.
Holm L, Holm K. 1988 – Studies in the Lophiostmataceae with emphasis on the Swedish species. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 28, 1–50.
Hyde KD, Aptroot A. 1997 – Fungi from palms. XXXIII. The genus Massarina, with a new species. Nova Hedwigia 64, 491–504.
Hyde KD, Jones EBG, Liu JK, Ariyawansa H et al. 2013 – Families of Dothideomycetes. Fungal Diversity 63, 1–313.
Intaraudom C, Nitthithanasilp S, Rachtawee P, Boonruangprapa T, Prabpai S, Kongsaeree P, Pittayakhajonwut P. 2015 – Phenalenone derivatives and the unusual tricyclic sesterterpene acid from the marine fungus Lophiostoma bipolare BCC 25910. Phytochemistry 120, 19–27.
Kirk PM, Cannon PF, David JC, Stalpers JA. 2001 – Ainsworth & Bisby’s dictionary of the fungi, 9th edn. CABI, Wallingford.
Liew ECY, Aptroot A, Hyde KD. 2002 – An evaluation of the monophyly of Massarina based on ribosomal DNA sequences. Mycologia 94, 803–813.
Mao Z, Xue M, Gan G, Wang W, Li D, Lai D, Zhou L. 2020 – Lophiostomin A–D: new 3,4-dihydroisocoumarin derivatives from the endophytic fungus Lophiostoma sp. Sigrf10. RSC Advances 10, 6985–6991.
Mondello V, Giambra S, Conigliaro G, Francesca N, Burruano S. 2020 – Fungal pathogens associated with grapevine trunk diseases in young vineyards in Sicily, and first report of Cadophora luteo-olivacea in Italy. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 59, 453–463.
Shushni M, Azam F, Lindequist U. 2013 – Oxasetin from Lophiostoma sp. of the Baltic Sea: Identification, in silico Binding Mode Prediction and Antibacterial Evaluation against Fish Pathogenic Bacteria. Natural product communications 8, 1223–1226.
Suetrong S, Schoch CL, Spatafora JW, Kohlmeyer J et al. 2009 – Molecular systematics of the marine Dothideomycetes. Studies in Mycology 64,155–173.
Tanaka K, Harada Y. 2003 –Pleosporales in Japan (1): the genus Lophiostoma. Mycoscience 44, 85–96.
Thambugala KM, Hyde KD, Tanaka K, Tian Q et al. 2015 – Towards a natural classification and backbone tree for Lophiostomataceae, Floricolaceae, and Amorosiaceae fam.nov. Fungal Diversity 74, 199–266.
Thambugala KM, Singtripop C, Chunfang Y, Mckenzie EHC, Liu ZY, Chukeatirote E, Hyde KD. 2014 –Towards a natural classification of Dothideomycetes 7: the genera Allosoma, Austropleospora, Dangeardiella, Griggsia and Karschia (Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis). Phytotaxa 181, 34–046.
Yuan Z, Zhao Z. 1994 – Studies on lophiostomataceous fungi from Xinjiang, China. Sydowia 46, 162–184.
Zhang Y, Wang HK, Fournier J, Crous PW, Jeewon R, Pointing SB, Hyde KD. 2009 – Towards a phylogenetic clarification of Lophiostoma, Massarina and morphologically similar genera in the Pleosporales. Fungal Diversity 38, 225–251.
Zheng CJ, Shao CL, Chen M, Niu ZG, Zhao DL, Wang CY. 2015 – Merosesquiterpenoids and Ten-Membered Macrolides from a Soft Coral-Derived Lophiostoma sp. Fungus. Chemistry & Biodiversity 12, 1407–1414.
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