Kalmusia
Kalmusia Niessl, Verh. nat. Ver. Brünn 10: 204 (1872).
Index Fungorum number: IF 2543; Facesoffungi number: FoF 00040, 27 morphological species (Species Fungorum 2022), 8 species with molecular data.
Saprobic on host. Sexual morph: Ascomata black, immersed under a thin pseudostroma blackening wood surface, scattered or in small groups, globose to subglobose, opening through a cylindrical, flush to slightly papillate ostiole. Peridium of even thickness, a textura prismatica of thick-walled dark brown cells, more pigmented outwardly, with brown hyphal appendages penetrating wood. Pseudoparaphyses septate, containing conspicuous oily guttules, narrowly trabeculate above asci, embedded in gelatinous matrix. Asci 8-spored, bitunicate with a small ocular chamber, fissitunicate, narrowly clavate, with a tapering pedicel. Ascospores clavate, often slightly curved, 3-septate, slightly constricted at median septum, brown, end cells paler, septa darker, wall finely verruculose, overlapping 2-seriatein upper part of ascus without mucilaginous sheath. Asexual morph: Unknown (adapted from Zhang et al. 2014).
Type species: Kalmusia ebuli Niessl
Notes: Kalmusia is characterised by immersed, globose ascomata with a central, stout papilla, enclosed by hyphae in the substrate, pedicellate asci with septate pseudoparaphyses, and brown, 3-septate inequilateral ascospore (Barr 1992). Barr (1992) considered Diapleella and Dendropleella as synonyms of Kalmusia (Barr 1992). Kalmusia was assigned to Pleosporaceae by Arx and Müller (1975) and to Phaeosphaeriaceae by Barr (1992). Barr (2001), Eriksson (2006a), Kirk et al. (2008), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) and Hyde et al. (2013) placed Kalmusia in Montagnulaceae. Zhang et al. (2012) mentioned that K. ebuli do not fit the concept of Phaeosphaeriaceae due to the clavate asymmetric ascospores and the clavate asci with long pedicels. In the phylogenetic analyses of Zhang et al. (2009a, 2012) and Hyde et al. (2013), K. brevispora and K. scabrispora formed a clade within Montagnulaceae. Zhang et al. (2014) designated a neotype of K. ebuli and showed that Kalmusia is polyphyletic within the family Montagnulaceae. The asexual morph of Kalmusia has coniothyrium-like, Cytoplea, Microsphaeropsis and Paraconiothyrium morphological characters (Zhang et al. 2012b, 2014b, Ariyawansa et al. 2014). In the phylogenetic analyses of Ariyawansa et al. (2014), Kalmusia formed a robust clade in Didymosphaeriaceae. This taxonomic placement was followed by several authors (Hongsanan et al. 2020a). Molecular markers available for Kalmusia are ITS, LSU, SSU, BTUB and TEF-1.
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