Parmulariales » Parmulariaceae

Parmularia

Parmularia Lév., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3 5: 286 (1846).

Index Fungorum number: IF 3744; Facesoffungi number: FoF 02297, 12 morphological species (Species Fungorum 2022), 1 species with molecular data, 34 predicted number species.

Epiphytic on upper surface of leaves. Colonies foliicolous, superficial, dark brown to black, circular. Hyphae growing at base of ascomata, brown, septate, branching, sinuous, lacking appressoria. Sexual morph: Ascostromata large, solitary to groups, gregarious, superficial, shield-like, dark brown to black, carbonaceous, flattened, with ridges radiating from the centre to the outer rim; ridges containing elongated locules, which open by a longitudinal slit and containing numerous asci; cells of ascostromata wall thick-walled and elongated and composed of black, amorphous tissues in the stromatic crust. Locules in vertical section subglobose, immersed within ascostroma. Upper wall of ascostromata thick, comprised of several black layers, composed of dark brown cells of textura prismatica. Cells between locules composed of brown to hyaline cells of texture angularis. Hamathecium of hyaline, septate, filamentous pseudoparaphyses, swollen, brown and verrucose at their apices. Asci 8-spored, thick-walled, bitunicate, cylindrical, short-pedicellate, with a distinct ocular chamber. Ascospores 2–3-seriate, hyaline and becoming pale brown when mature, ellipsoidal, uniseptate, with large and round upper cells, with narrow and long lower cells, constricted at the septum, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Unknown (adapted from Dai et al. 2020).

 Type species: Parmularia styracis Lév

Notes: Parmularia is characterised by solitary to groups, gregarious, superficial dark brown to black, carbonaceous ascostromata, with subglobose locules immersed in the ascostromata, cylindrical, short-pedicellate asci and 2–3-seriate, hyaline, uniseptate ascospores turning pale brown on maturity. Parmularia resembles Mintera in having elongate locules radiating from a central point but Mintera has mycelium with appressoria and each black ascostroma with a single locule which group into star-shaped structures while in Parmularia, one ascostroma contains many locules. Inácio and Cannon (2008) provided a comparison of six Parmularia species from Brazil and New Zealand. Guatimosim et al. (2015) re-collected Parmularia styracis and provided ITS, LSU and tef1-α sequence data. Parmularia also resembles Rhagadolobiopsis in having mature ascostromata formed from numerous ascostromatal primordia that combine to form a multiloculate structure but Parmularia has a column of internal mycelium in the centre of the colony that splits through the cuticle, a feature which is lacking in Rhagadolobiopsis. Parmularia is a distinct and type species of Parmulariaceae. Molecular markers available for Parmularia are ITS, LSU and TEF-1.

 

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