Rhytidhysteron
Rhytidhysteron Speg. [as 'Rhytidhysterion'], Anal. Soc. cient. argent. 12(4): 188 (1881).
Index Fungorum number: IF 4740; Facesoffungi number: FoF 08063, 21 morphological species (Species Fungorum 2022), 8 species with molecular data.
Saprobic on living or dead wood in terrestrial habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata when wet, apothecial, superficial, aggregated, black, rounded to boat-shaped, or irregular in shape, coriaceous, with rounded opening, folded at the margin, transversely notched, red or yellow at the center, when dry typical of hysterothecia or triangular and powdery, with elongate slit. Exciple composed of 2 layers, outer layer of pseudoparenchymatous cells with dark-brown walls, inner layer of pale brown to hyaline cells a textura globulosa. Hamathecium comprising of 1.5–3 µm wide, dense, cylindrical, hyaline, septate, unbranched, pseudoparaphyses, which fuse and are slightly swollen at the apex, forming a dark epithecium from above. Asci 6–8-spored, bitunicate, cylindrical, rounded at the apex, with a distinct of apical chamber. Ascospores uni-seriate overlapping, ellipsoidal to fusiform, slightly rounded at both ends, 1–3-septate, slightly constricted at the central septa, reddish-brown to brown. Asexual morph: “Diplodia”-like and “Aposphaeria”-like (adapted from Kutorga & Hawksworth 1997, Yacharoen et al. 2015).
Type species: Rhytidhysteron brasiliense Speg.
Notes: Rhytidhysteron was introduced by Spegazzini (1881) with two species R. brasiliense and R. viridie. Clements and Shear (1931) designated R. brasiliense as the type species for the genus. Rhytidhysteron is characterised by apothecial, superficial, aggregated, black ascomata, bitunicate, cylindrical asci and ellipsoidal to fusiform 1–3-septate ascospores. Samuels and Müller (1979) synonymized Rhytidhysteron brasiliense under R. rufulum. Kutorga and Hawksworth (1997) reported the asexual morph of Rhytidhysteron as Diplodia- and Aposphearia-like. Arx and Müller (1975) placed Rhytidhysteron in Patellariaceae and this treatment was followed by several authors such as Kutorga and Hawksworth (1997), Barr (1987), Eriksson (2006), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010). Boehm et al. (2009a, b) and Schoch et al. (2009) transferred Rhytidhysteron to Hysteriaceae based on phylogenetic evidence and this was followed by subsequent authors (Hyde et al. 2013, Almeida et al. 2014, Wijayawardene et al. 2014). Currently, Rhytidhysteron is morphologically and phylogenetically a distinct genus in Hysteriaceae. Molecular markers available for Rhytidhysteron are ITS, LSU, SSU, BTUB, RPB2 and TEF-1.
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