Heteroconium citharexyli
Heteroconium citharexyli Petr., Sydowia 3(1-6): 265 (1949).
Index Fungorum number: IF 287018; Facesoffungi number: FoF 11047, Fig. 1
Description: see Petrak (1949).
Material considered: see Petrak (1949).
Fig. 1 Heteroconium citharexyli (F39623, holotype, re-drawn from Fig. 2 in Cheewangkoon et al. 2014). a Colony on leaves. b–f Mycelium bearing conidiophores and conidia. g Conidia. Scale bars: a = 500 μm, b, c, e, f, g = 20 μm, d = 30 μm.
Importance and distribution
Heteroconium species are sooty molds that coat the entire leaf surface and reduce the host ability to carry out photosynthesis leading to stunted growth (Petrak 1949). Some species are dark septate endophytic fungi that colonizes plant roots and facilitate their growth and fitness (Narisawa et al. 2007). Narisawa and Hashiba (2001) reported Heteroconium chaetospira as an effective biological control of clubroot disease in Chinese cabbage. Heteroconium chaetospira was also reported to inhibit soil diseases (Narisawa 1998). Lahlali et al. (2014) mentioned that H. chaetospira induces resistance to clubroot through upregulation of host genes involved in jasmonic acid, ethylene and auxin biosynthesis. Heteroconium sp. produces Bulgarein which is a blue pigment (Timothy et al. 1999). There are 25 Heteroconium epithets in Index Fungorum (2022) but five species have been transferred to Alysidiella, Cladophialophora, Lylea, Pirozynskiella and Thyrinula. Heteroconium comprises 20 species known on a wide range of plants such as Amelanchier alnifolia (Rosaceae), Anneslea hainanensis (Pentaphylacaceae), Aralia nudicaulis (Araliaceae), Cinnamomum porrectum, (Lauraceae), Citharexylum ilicifolium (Verbenaceae), Grewia asiatica (Malvaceae), Phragmites communis (Poaceae), Pinus khasya (Pinaceae), Polyalthia laui (Annonaceae) and Samanea saman (Fabaceae). Heteroconium is reported from Asia (China, India, Thailand), Australia, Europe (Germany, United Kingdom), North America (Canada, Caribbean (Cuba), the United States (California, Hawaii)), South Africa and South America (Ecuador).
References
Ariyawansa HA, Thambugala KM, Kang JC, Alias SA et al. 2014 – Towards a natural classification of Dothideomycetes 2: The genera Cucurbidothis, Heterosphaeriopsis, Hyalosphaera, Navicella and Pleiostomellina (Dothideomycetes incertae sedis). Phytotaxa 176, 7–17.
Hyde KD, Jones EBG, Liu JK, Ariyawansa H et al. 2013 – Families of Dothideomycetes. Fungal Diversity 63, 1–313.
Kirk PM, Stalpers JA, Braun U, Crous PW et al. 2013 – A without-prejudice list of generic names of fungi for protection under the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. IMA fungus 4, 381–443.
Lumbsch HT, Huhndorf SM. 2010 – Outline of Ascomycota 2009. Myconet 14, 1–64.
Wijayawardene NN, Hyde KD, Dai DQ, Sánchez-García M et al. 2020 – Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021. Mycosphere 13, 53–453.
Wijayawardene NN, Hyde KD, Rajeshkumar KC, Hawksworth DL et al. 2017– Notes for genera: Ascomycota. Fungal Diversity 86, 1–594.
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