Thyrinula
Thyrinula Petr. & Syd., Annls mycol. 22(3/6): 373 (1924).
= Alysidiella Crous, in Summerell et al., Fungal Diversity 23: 325 (2006).
Index Fungorum number: IF 10218; Facesoffungi number: FoF 06728, 5 morphological species (Species Fungorum 2022), 5 species with molecular data.
Spermatogonia pycnidial, pimple-like, scutiform, black, superficial, glabrous. Spermatophores reduced to spermatogenous cells, small, hyaline, phialidic. Spermatia solitary, hyaline, smooth, filiform-cylindrical, aseptate, appearing to have a spermatial-like function, as they do not germinate in culture. Sexual morph: Ascomata black, superficial, hysterothecial, elongate, occasionally Y-shaped, opening by a longitudinal slit; margin without restricted brown, superficial hyphae. Asci bitunicate with ocular chamber, broadly ellipsoid to somewhat obovoid, containing 8 ascospores, intermixed among hyphal-like, septate, branched pseudoparaphyses. Ascospores uniseptate, constricted at septum, ends obtusely rounded, widest just above septum, guttulate, hyaline, smooth (becoming brown and verruculose with a mucoid sheath at germination (5–8 μm diam.), with solitary germ tube formed into agar medium). Asexual morph: Conidiomata sporodochial or as solitary, erect conidiophores on lesions, consisting of brown, verrucose, thick-walled, branched, septate, hyphae. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, scars indistinct to thickened along the rim, not darkened nor refractive. Setae and hyphopodia absent. Conidia dry, in branched or simple acropetal chains, ellipsoidal to subcylindrical, medium brown, thick-walled, verruculose, aseptate to multiseptated (adapted from Crous et al. 2019).
Type species: Thyrinula eucalyptina Petr. & Syd.
Notes: Thyrinula is characterised by pycnidial, pimple-like, scutiform, black, superficial spermatogonia, small, hyaline, phialidic spermatophores, and hyaline, smooth, filiform-cylindrical, aseptate spermatia. The nomenclature and taxonomy of Thyrinula has been very confusing. Müller and Arx (1962) discussed the sexual morph of Thyrinula. Petrak and Sydow (1924) and Swart (1988) discussed the spermatogonial morph. Wall and Keane (1984) and Carnegie and Keane (2003) provided detail regarding the biology and host range of Aulographina eucalypti. For several years, T. eucalyptina was treated as Aulographina eucalypti but Aulographina is based on A. pinorum found on Pinus spp. in Europe (Crous et al. 2019). Thyrinula is not congeneric with Aulographina and differs from it in lacking a spermatogonial asexual morph (Crous et al. 2019). Crous et al. (2019) mentioned that since Aulographina is no longer used for this taxon, the holomorph introduced for the spermatogonial morph, Thyrinula eucalyptina is more appropriate. Crous et al. (2019) provided sequence data for all species of Thyrinula from fresh collections and synonymized Alysidiella under Thyrinula based on morphology namely the hyphomycetous asexual morph. Thyrinula is a morphologically and phylogenetically a distinct and type genus of Thyrinulaceae. Molecular markers available for Thyrinula include ITS, LSU, SSU, BTUB, chs-1, RPB2 and TEF-1.
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