Pyrenidium actinellum
Pyrenidium actinellum Nyl., Flora, Regensburg 48: 210 (1865).
Index Fungorum number: IF 4578; Facesoffungi number: FoF 07909, Fig. 1
Description: see Navarro-Rosinés and Roux (2015); Huanraluek et al. (2019).
Material considered: see Navarro-Rosinés and Roux (2015); Huanraluek et al. (2019).
Fig. 1 Pyrenidium spp. (a–k P. borbonicum Ertz 18031). a Herbarium specimen. b Appearance of ascomata on host substrate. c Section through ascomata. d Peridium. e Pseudoparaphyses. f, g Asci. h–k Ascospores. (l–u P. cf. actinellum Ertz 18063). l Appearance of ascomata on host substrate. m Section through ascoma. n Peridium. o Ostiole. p Pseudoparaphyses. q Asci. r–u Ascospores. (v–Ee P. aff. aggregatum Ertz 20089) v Appearance of ascomata on host substrate. w Section through ascoma. x Ostiole. y Pseudoparaphyses. z–Bb Asci. Cc–Ee Ascospores. Scale bars: c = 100 µm, d, h–k, n, q = 10 µm, e–g, p, x–Bb = 20 µm, m, o, w = 50 µm, r–u, Cc–Ee = 5 µm.
Importance and distribution
There are 16 Pyrenidium epithets in Index Fungorum (2022), but several species have been transferred to Leptosphaeria and Zwackhiomacromyces. Species of Pyrenidium are lichenicolous and form obligate associations with lichens, either as saprotrophs degrading dead lichen thalli or parasites which derive fixed carbon from the lichen hosts (Hawksworth 1988). Pyrenidium comprises 13 species known on crustose and foliose lichens from different substrates such as Bacidia psychotria (Ramalinaceae), Cryptothecia candida (Arthoniaceae), Hypotrachyna coorgiana (Parmeliaceae), in thalli of Ramalina (Ramalinaceae), on bark of Juniperus excelsa (Cupressaceae), on Sporopodium leprieurii var. citrinum (Pilocarpaceae), Parasiphula jamesii (Coccotremataceae), Phaeophyscia rubropulchra (Physciaceae), Sticta (Peltigeraceae) and thallus of Verrucaria hydrela (Verrucariaceae). Pyrenidium is cosmopolitan and reported from Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America (Greenland) and South America.
References
Crivelli PG. 1983 – Ueber die heterogene Ascomyceten gattung Pleospora Rabh. Vorschlag für eine Aufteilung, Zürich. Diss. ETH Nr. 7318. pp 1–215.
Doilom M, Hyde KD, Phookamsak R, Dai DQ et al. 2018 – Mycosphere Notes 225–274: types and other specimens of some genera of Ascomycota. Mycosphere 9, 647–754.
Engler A. 1898 – Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien, Edn 2 (Berlin), 46.
Hawksworth DL. 1980 – Notes on some fungi occurring on Peltigera, with a key to accepted species. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 74, 363–386.
Hawksworth DL. 1983 – The identity of Pyrenidium actinellum Nyl. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 80, 547–549.
Hawksworth DL. 1988 – The variety of fungal-algal symbioses, their evolutionary significance, and the nature of lichens. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 96, 3–20.
Huanraluek N, Ertz D, Phukhamsakda C, Hongsanan S, Jayawardena RS, Hyde KD. 2019a– The family Pyrenidiaceae resurrected. Mycosphere 10, 634–654.
Hyde KD, Jones EBG, Liu JK, Ariyawansa H et al. 2013 – Families of Dothideomycetes. Fungal Diversity 63, 1–313.
Jaklitsch W, Baral HO, Lücking R, Lumbsch HT, Frey W. 2016 – Ascomycota. In: Frey W (ed) Syllabus of plant families, Adolf Engler’s Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien 13th edn. Borntraeger Science Publishers, Stuttgart.
Knudsen K, Kocourková J. 2010 – Pyrenidium aggregatum, a new species from North America. Opuscula Philolichenum 8, 71–74.
Lumbsch HT, Huhndorf SM. 2010 – Outline of Ascomycota 2009. Myconet 14, 1–64.
Navarro-Rosinés P, Roux C. 2007 – Pyrenidium. In: Nash TH III, Gries C, Bungartz F (eds.): Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol 3. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe, pp. 404–405.
Wijayawardene NN, Crous PW, Kirk PM, Hawksworth DL et al. 2014 – Naming and outline of Dothideomycetes – 2014 including proposals for the protection or suppression of generic names. Fungal Diversity 69, 1–55.
Wijayawardene NN, Hyde KD, Lumbsch HT, Liu JK et al. 2018 – Outline of Ascomycota: 2017. Fungal Diversity 88, 167–263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-018-0394-8
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