Capnodiales » Cladosporiaceae » Cladosporium

Cladosporium herbarum

Cladosporium herbarum (Pers.) Link, Mag. Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin 8: 37 (1816) [1815].

Dematium herbarum Pers., Ann. Bot. (Usteri) 11: 32 (1794).

            Index Fungorum number: IF 231458; Facesoffungi number: FoF 11092,    Fig. 1

 Description:

Saprobic on host. Sexual morph: Unknown. Asexual morph: Stromata lacking. Conidiophores solitary, arising terminally or laterally from plagiotropous or ascending hyphae, with some nodulose swellings in short succession, producing a stalk with knotty appearance. Small terminal conidia 410 × 36 μm; intercalary conidia 515 × 46 μm; secondary ramoconidia 1225 × 39 μm, 01(3)-septate.

Material examined: The United States, California, MacBride Springs Public Camp, Mt. Shasta, Siskiyou Co., on Carex fracta (Cyperaceae), 4 July 1947, W.B and V.G Cooke (WBC 19289).

Fig. 1 Cladosporium herbarum (WBC 19289). a Herbarium material. b Appearance of conidiophores on the host. c–e Conidiophores. f–i Conidia. Scale bars: b = 1000 μm, c, d = 50 μm, e = 20 μm, f–i = 10 μm.

Importance and distribution

Cladosporium comprises endophytes, saprobes and pathogens. As saprobes, they help in maintaining the nutrient cycle in the ecosystem. As pathogens they cause a wide range of diseases shown as leaf spots, blight, discolorations, necrosis, shot-hole symptoms on host plants (Marin-Felix et al. 2017). Some species have also been isolated from indoor environments, salterns and human and animal infections. Infections of the mucus membranes, sinuses, skin, and toenails have been reported in people with compromised immune systems caused by Cladosporium species (Bensch et al. 2012).

 

Industrial relevance and applications

Cladosporium cladosporioides is effective in bioremediation and detergent industry (Jakovljević and Vrvic 2018). It can degrade [o,o-diethyl-o-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate] and hydrolyse its product (Chen et al. 2012). Cladosporium cladosporioides also exhibits antifungal activity against plant pathogens and is useful in agricultural industry (Wang et al. 2013). Cladosporium herbarum produces enzymes beneficial to the pharmaceuticals industry. These enzymes can convert some steroid compounds into progesterone, a hormone used in birth control (Fernandes et al. 2003). Cladosporium species are also useful in biodegradation of oil sludge (Rossiana et al. 2018). Cladosporium herbarum can actively accumulate iron (III) ions and hence eliminate them from the aquatic environment (Cudowski and Pietryczuk 2019). Other industrial uses for various species can be discovered in the future, as more species are identified and studied.

 

The endophytic fungus C. oxysporum is a biocontrol agent against the black bean aphid (Aphis fabae) (Bensaci et al. 2015). Cladosporium uredinicola and C. cladosporioides are promising biological control candidates for controlling whiteflies (Bemisia spp.) in Egypt (Abdel-baky et al. 1998). Some Cladosporium isolates are also reported as producing a fungal plant growth promoting agent (Raut et al. 2021). Cladosporium cladosporioides is reported to stimulate seed germination of coastal plant Suaeda salsa (Qin et al. 2016).

 

Biochemical importance of the genus, chemical diversity or applications

Cladosporium cladosporioides produces a wide range of bioactive products such as p-methylbenzoic acid, ergosterol peroxide (EP) and calphostin C and enzymes including pectin methylesterase (PME), polygalacturonase (PG) and chlorpyrifos hydrolase. p-Methylbenzoic acid can synthesize 1,5-benzodiazepine and its derivatives, polyethylene terephthalate and eicosapentaenoic acid (Almatar and Makky 2016). Cladosporium cladosporioides can produce lipase and toxic metabolites under varied conditions (Fapohunda 2006; Chinaglia et al. 2014). Cladosporium cladosporioides can catalyze sucrose hydrolysis by auto-immobilized invertase (de Almeida et al. 2005). Cladosporium tenuissimum is a producer of xyloglucan -specific endoglucanase (Raghunath and Siddalingamurthy 2013). Cladosporium oxysporum GQ-3 produces extracellular xylanase which is useful in the textile processes or paper/feed industries (Guan et al. 2016).

 

Even though there are 878 epithets in Index Fungorum (2022), some of the species have been synonymized and transferred to other genera such as Amorphotheca, Beejadwaya, Cladophialophora, Coremiella, Devriesia, Dichocladosporium, Elsinoe, Erostrotheca, Fulvia, Fusicladium, Hyphopichia, Mycosphaerella, Mycovellosiella, Neopenidiella, Ochrocladosporium, Parapericoniella, Parastenella, Passalora, Penidiella, Pseudocercospora, Rhizocladosporium, Stenella, Stigmina, Taeniolella, Venturia and Zasmidium. Cladosporium comprises 326 species (Species Fungorum 2022) known on several host plants and plant families such as Asparagaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, Orchidaceae, Poaceae and many other hosts, including fungi and insects. Cladosporium has a worldwide distribution. There are undoubtedly many more species of Cladosporium to be discovered (Bhunjun et al. 2022) but due to its complex nature, species identification must be based on both morphology and DNA sequence data.

 

References

Abdel-Baky N, Arafat SN, Abdel-Salam A. 1998 – Three Cladosporium spp. as promising biological control candidates for controlling Whiteflies (Bemisia spp.) in Egypt. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 1.

Abdollahzadeh J, Groenewald JZ, Coetzee M, Wingfield MJ, Crous P. 2020 – Evolution of lifestyles in Capnodiales. Studies in Mycology 95, 381–414.

AlMatar M, Makky EA. 2016 – Cladosporium cladosporioides from the perspectives of medical and biotechnological approaches. 3 Biotech 6, 4.

Almeida AC, Araújo LC, Costa A, Abreu CA, Lima MA, Palha ML. 2005 ‒ Sucrose hydrolysis catalyzed by auto-immobilized invertase into intact cells of Cladosporium cladosporioides. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology 8, 54‒62.

Bensaci OA, Harzallah D, Lombarkia N, Rouabah K. 2015 – Formulation of the endophytic fungus Cladosporium oxysporum Berk. & M.A. Curtis, isolated from Euphorbia bupleuroides subsp, luteola, as new biocontrol tool against the black bean aphid (Aphis fabae Scop.). Journal of Plant Protection Research 55, 80–87.

Bensch K, Braun U, Groenewald JZ, Crous PW. 2012 – The genus Cladosporium. Studies in Mycology 72, 1–401.

Bensch K, Groenewald JZ, Braun U, Dijksterhuis J, de Jesús Yáñez-Morales M, Crous PW. 2015 – Common but different: The expanding realm of Cladosporium. Studies in Mycology 82, 23–74.

Bezerra J, Sandoval-Denis M, Paiva L, Silva G et al. 2017 – New endophytic Toxicocladosporium species from cacti in Brazil and description of Neocladosporium gen. nov. IMA fungus 8, 77–97.

Bhunjun CS, Niskanen T, Suwannarach N, Wannathes N et al. The numbers of fungi: are the most speciose genera truly diverse? Fungal Diversity 114, 387–462.

Chen S, Liu C, Peng C, Liu H, Hu M, Zhong G. 2012 – Biodegradation of chlorpyrifos and its hydrolysis product 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol by a new fungal strain Cladosporium cladosporioides Hu-01. PloS one 7, e47205.

Chinaglia S, Chiarelli L, Maggi M, Rodolfi M, Valentini G, Picco A. 2014 ‒ Biochemistry of lipolytic enzymes secreted by Penicillium solitum and Cladosporium cladosporioides. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry 78, 245‒254.

Crous P, Braun U, Bensch K, Groenewald JZ. 2007 The genus Cladosporium and similar dematiaceous hyphomycetes. Studies in Mycology 58, 1–253.

Crous PW, Braun U, Schubert K, Groenewald JZ. 2007 – Delimiting Cladosporium from morphologically similar genera. Studies in Mycology 58, 33–56.

Cudowski A, Pietryczuk A. 2019 – Biochemical response of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Cladosporium herbarum isolated from aquatic environment on iron (III) ions. Scientific Reports 9, 19492.

David JC. 1997 – A contribution to the systematics of Cladosporium. Revision of the fungi previously referred to Heterosporium. Mycological Papers 172, 1–157.

Dugan FM, Schubert K, Braun U. 2004 – Check-list of Cladosporium names. Schlechtendalia 11, 1–103.

Fapohunda SO. 2006 – Production of lipase and toxic metabolites by Cladosporium cladosporioides under varied conditions. Mycologia Balcanica 3, 89–93.

Fernandes P, Cruz A, Angelova B, Pinheiro HM, Cabral JMS. 2003 – Microbial conversion of steroid compounds: recent developments. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 32, 688–705.

Guan GQ, Zhao PX, Zhao J, Wang MJ, Huo S, Cui F, Jiang JX. 2016 – Production and Partial Characterization of an Alkaline Xylanase from a Novel Fungus Cladosporium oxysporum. BioMed Research International 1–7.

Heuchert B, Braun U, Schubert K. 2005 – Morphotaxonomic revision of fungicolous Cladosporium species (hyphomycetes). Schlechtendalia 13, 1–78.

Jakovljević VD, Vrvić MM, Vrbničanin S, Sarić-Krsmanović M. 2018 – Phytochemical, Free Radical Scavenging and Antifungal Profile of Cuscuta campestris Yunck. Seeds. Journal of Chemistry & Biodiversity 15, e1800174.

Marin-Felix Y, Groenewald JZ, Cai L, Chen Q et al. 2017 – Genera of phytopathogenic fungi: GOPHY 1. Studies in Mycology 86, 99–216.

Qin Y, Pan X, Yuan Z. 2016 – Seed endophytic microbiota in a coastal plant and phytobeneficial properties of the fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides. Fungal Ecology 24, 53–60.

Raghunath R, Siddalingamurthy KR. 2013 – Cladosporium tenuissimum - a new producer of xyloglucanspecific endoglucanase. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 4, 1291–1297.

Răut I, Călin M, Capră L, Gurban AM, Doni M, Radu N, Jecu L. 2021 – Cladosporium sp. isolate as Fungal Plant Growth Promoting Agent. Agronomy 11, 392.

Rossiana N, Mayawatie B, Amin MR, Fitriani E. 2018 – Morphological characteristics of Talaromyces sp., Cladosporium sp. and Penicillium sp. as microfungi in biodegradation of oil sludge using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Journal of Bacteriology and Mycology 6, 330–333.

Schubert K, Groenewald JZ, Braun U. 2007 – Biodiversity in the Cladosporium herbarum complex (Davidiellaceae, Capnodiales), with standardization of methods for Cladosporium taxonomy and diagnostics. Studies in Mycology 58, 105–156.

Schubert K. 2005 – Morphotaxonomic revision of foliicolous Cladosporium species (hyphomycetes). Thesis (PHD), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg.

Wang X, Radwan M, Tarawneh AH, Gao J et al. 2013 – Antifungal Activity Against Plant Pathogens of Metabolites from the Endophytic Fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 61, 4551–4555.

 

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