Leptoxyphium graminum
Leptoxyphium graminum (Pat.) Speg., Physis, Rev. Soc. Arg. Cienc. Nat. 4(no. 17): 294 (1918).
≡ Capnodium graminum Pat., J. Bot., Paris 11: 348 (1897).
Index Fungorum number: IF 178440; Facesoffungi number: FoF 11051, Fig. 1
Description: see Chomnunti et al. (2011); Yang et al. (2014); Abdollahzadeh et al. (2020).
Material examined: see Chomnunti et al. (2011); Yang et al. (2014); Abdollahzadeh et al. (2020).
Fig. 1 Leptoxyphium cacuminum (MFLU 09-0657, holotype). a Gregarious pycnidia on host surface. b, c Stalked pycnidia with wider base. d Black stalked funnel cupulate apex. e, f Conidia, conidiogenous boundary with hyaline hyphae surrounding the ostiole. g, h Culture character on PDA. i Conidia produced from the apex of conidiophores. j Conidial mass. k, l Septate hyphae. Scale bars: b = 200 μm, c, f = 50 μm, d = 10 μm, e = 20 μm, i, k, l = 50 μm, j = 200 μm.
Importance and distribution
Leptoxyphium species are saprobic growing on sugary exudates produced by sap feeding insects on the surface of living leaves (Yang et al. 2014). Some species are also responsible for sooty mould disease such as L. kurandae (Choi et al. 2015). Leptoxyphium comprises 17 species. One species, L. unedonis has been transferred to Polychaeton. Leptoxyphium is known from wide range of hosts such as Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae, Aquifoliaceae, Betulaceae, Ericaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Fagaceae, Malvaceae, Malvaceae, Moraceae, Rutaceae, Sapotaceae, Sapotaceae and Zamiaceae. Leptoxyphium species have been reported from Asia (India, Indonesia, Thailand), Caribbean (Cuba), Central America (Nicaragua), North America (West Indies) and South America (Brazil, Venezuela).
Industrial relevance and applications
Leptoxyphium may be of significance to the medical and pharmaceutical industry as an inhibitor of CCL2-induced chemotaxis has been reported from Leptoxyphium sp. (Klausmeyer et al. 2009). Leptoxyphium may be a potential biocontrol agent for some fungi as a culture filtrate of L. axillatum has been reported to contain phenolic compounds which have antifungal activity (Singh 2003). Leptoxyphium can produce a wide range of chemicals such as dechlorinated cyclodipeptide, cyclo, dichloro-L-Pro–L-Tyr and other phenolic compounds (Wang et al. 2017).
References
Abdollahzadeh J, Groenewald JZ, Coetzee M, Wingfield MJ, Crous P. 2020 – Evolution of lifestyles in Capnodiales. Studies in Mycology 95, 381–414.
Choi IY, Kang CH, Lee GH, Park JH, Shin HD. 2015 – Sooty Mold Disease Caused by Leptoxyphium kurandae on Kenaf. Mycobiology 43, 347‒350.
Chomnunti P, Schoch C, Aguirre-Hudson B, Ko Ko T et al. 2011– Capnodiaceae. Fungal Diversity 51, 103–134.
Crous PW, Groenewald JZ, Shivas RG, Edwards J et al. 2011 – Fungal Planet description sheets: 69–91. Persoonia 26, 108–156.
Klausmeyer P, Howard OM, Shipley S, McCloud T. 2009 – An Inhibitor of CCL2-Induced Chemotaxis from the Fungus Leptoxyphium sp. Journal of natural products 72, 1369–1372.
Singh DP. 2003 – Phenolic composition and antifungal activity of culture filtrate of Leptoxyphium axillatum. Indian Phytopathology 58, 143–148.
Wang X, Li Y, Zhang X, Lai D, Zhou L. 2017 – Structural Diversity and Biological Activities of the Cyclodipeptides from Fungi. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 22, 2026.
Yang HUI, Ariyawansa H, Wu H, Hyde KD. 2014 – The genus Leptoxyphium (Capnodiaceae) from China. Phytotaxa 176, 174–183.
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