Phyllosticta convallariae
Phyllosticta convallariae Pers., Traité champ. Comest. (Paris): 148 (1818).
Index Fungorum number: IF 120222; Facesoffungi number: FoF 11895, Fig. 1
Description:
Saprobic on host. Sexual morph: Unknown. Asexual morph: Pycnidia 225–255 μm diam., 200–225 μm high (x̄ = 232.2 × 212.6 µm, n = 10), circular brown to black, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, solitary to clustered, ostiolate, with ostioles as black dots in the centre. Peridium 15–25 μm composed of 1–3 layers of cells textura angularis pigmented in the outmost layers around ostiole, with inner wall layer cells paler. Conidiogenous cells discrete, rarely integrated, hyaline, cylindrical to doliiform, arising from the cells lining the pycnidial locule. Conidia 10–13 × 8–9 μm (x̄ = 11.2 × 8.6 µm, n = 10),subglobose, ellipsoidal, clavate or obclavate, with an obtuse apex, sometimes truncate at the base, 1-celled, hyaline to greenish, with persists straight or curved apical appendage, hyaline, coarse-guttulate, densely filled with a granular matter, smooth-walled.
Material examined: Austria, Hainburg Mountains, Polygonatum latifolium (Asparagaceae), Th. Barta, 1998 (F31239).
Fig. 1 Phyllosticta convallariae (F31239, non-type). a Herbarium material. b, c Appearance of conidiomata on leaf surface. d Section of conidiomata. e Peridium. f, g Conidiogenesis and developing conidia. h−l Conidia. Scale bars: b = 1000 µm, c = 200 µm, d = 50 µm, e, h = 20 µm, f, g, i−l = 10 µm.
Importance and distribution
Species of Phyllosticta are saprobes, endophytes or pathogen. In some cases, a species may occupy more than one life mode (Wikee et al. 2013). Phyllosticta capitalensis is a significant species for the production of lignocellulosic enzymes during growth on cheap agro-industrial biomass (Wikee et al. 2017). Phyllosticta species may have potential for use as biocontrol agents. Phyllosticta (Ph511) can produce compounds which affect motility of Meloidogyne incognita and has parasitic nematode control (Yan et al. 2011). Phyllosticta cirsii produces potential mycoherbicides which act as biocontrol agent for Cirsium arvense (Evidente et al. 2008). Phyllosticta species can also produce mycotoxins such as phyllostine and phyllostoxin which are potential biocontrol agents.
Quarantine significance
Phyllosticta is listed as an A1 quarantine organism by EPPO (EPPO 2022). Phyllosticta species are rich source of functional secondary metabolites such as phenguignardic acid butyl ester (Savi et al. 2019), epoxydon I (Nabeta et al. 1975). They also produce compounds such as phyllostictines, phyllostoxin and phyllostin which exhibit interesting biological activity as well as antibacterial, antibiotics and potent anticancer agents (Chukeatirote et al. 2015).
There are 3226 Phyllosticta epithets in Index Fungorum (2022), but many species have been transferred to other genera such as Ascochyta, Asteroma, Asteromella, Coleophoma, Coniella, Didymella, Fusicoccum, Heterophoma, Heterosporicola, Leptosphaeria, Microsphaeropsis, Mycosphaerella, Nothophoma, Phoma, Phomopsis, Plectophoma, Pleosphaerulina, Ramularia, Septoria, Sporonema, Stagonospora, Stagonosporopsis, Stictochorella etc. Phyllosticta is a complex and diverse genus. It has a worldwide distribution and can be found in many host plants.
References
Chukeatirote E, Wikee S, Hyde KD. 2015 – Diversity and antibacterial activity of Phyllosticta species. Micrologia Aplicada International 27, 1–9.
Crous PW, Slippers B, Wingfield MJ, Rheeder J et al. 2006 – Phylogenetic lineages in the Botryosphaeriaceae. Studies in Mycology 55, 235–253.
EPPO Global Database. 2022 – https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/SCIRAC/distribution
Evidente A, Cimmino A, Andolfi A, Vurro M, Zonno M, Motta A. 2008 –Phyllostoxin and phyllostin, bioactive metabolites produced by Phyllosticta cirsii, a potential mycoherbicide for Cirsium arvense biocontrol. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56, 884–888.
Liu JK, Phookamsak R, Doilom M, Wikee S et al. 2012 – Towards a natural classification of Botryosphaeriales. Fungal Diversity 57, 149–210.
Nabeta K, Ichihara A, Sakamura S. 1975 – Biosynthesis of Epoxydon and Related Compounds by Phyllosticta sp., Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 39, 2, 409–413. DOI: 10.1080/00021369.1975.10861599
Norphanphoun C, Hongsanan S, Gentekaki E, Chen YJ, Kuo CH, Hyde KD. 2020 – Differentiation of species complexes in Phyllosticta enables better species resolution. Mycosphere 11, 2542–2628. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/16
Savi D, Shaaban K, Mitra P, Ponomareva L, Thorson J, Glienke C, Rohr J. 2019 – Secondary metabolites produced by the citrus phytopathogen Phyllosticta citricarpa. The Journal of Antibiotics 72, 306–310.
Schoch CL, Shoemaker RA, Seifert KA, Hambleton S, Spatafora JW, Crous PW. 2006 – A multigene phylogeny of the Dothideomycetes using four nuclear loci. Mycologia 98, 1041–1052.
Seaver FJ. 1922 – Phyllostictaceae. North American Flora 6, 3–84.
Wikee S, Chumnunti P, Kanghae A, Chukeatirote E, Lumyong S, Faulds CB. 2017 – Lignocellulolytic Capability of Endophytic Phyllosticta sp. Journal of Bacteriology and Mycology 4, 1047.
Wikee S, Lombard L, Crous PW, Nakashima C et al. 2013 – Phyllosticta capitalensis, a widespread endophyte of plants. Fungal Diversity 60, 91–105.
Yan X, Sikora RA, Zheng J. 2011 – Potential use of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) endophytic fungi as seed treatment agents against root−knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Journal of Zhejiang University-science B 12, 219–225.
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