Botryosphaeria dothidea
Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug.) Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 1(fasc. 4): 212 (1863).
≡ Sphaeria dothidea Moug., in Fries, Syst. Mycol. 2: 423 (1823).
Index Fungorum number: IF 183247; Facesoffungi number: FoF 03512, Fig. 1
Description: see Liu et al. (2012); Phillips et al. (2013); Slippers et al. (2004).
Material considered: see Liu et al. (2012); Phillips et al. (2013); Slippers et al. (2004).
Fig. 1 Botryosphaeria dothidea (a–h B. dothidea PREM 57372, epitype). a Ascostromata on
host substrate. b Section through ascostromata. c Peridium. d, e Asci. f–h Ascospores. (i–p B. dothidea MFLU 20-0524). i Appearance of conidiomata on host substrate. j Section through conidioma. k Peridium. l, m Developing conidia attached to conidiogenous cells. n–q Conidia. Scale bars: b, c = 100 μm, d, e = 30 μm, f–h, k, n–p = 10 μm, i = 500 μm, j = 50 μm, l, m = 5 μm.
Importance and distribution
Some species are pathogenic and cause wide range of diseases. Botryosphaeria comprises many destructive vascular pathogens of woody plants such as Botryosphaeria dieback of grape, panicle blight of pistachio amongst others (Garcia et al. 2021). Several members of Botryosphaeria cause a variety of symptoms, commonly known as "Bot canker." Botryosphaeria canker is a significant disease of several landscape and forest trees and shrubs. These fungi cause perennial cankers and enter vines via fresh injuries such as natural cracks, pruning wounds, or any large cut to cordons or trunks. The disease symptoms comprise tip die-back, coppice failure and stem cankers characterised by kino exudation (Gezahgne et al. 2004). Botryosphaeria dieback also cause death of spurs, arms, cordons, canes and the upper part of the trunk, depending on the location of the wood canker. Botryosphaeria is also reported to cause canker disease of bay laurel in The United States (northern California) (Lawrence et al. 2017). Some Botryosphaeria species are also associated with diseases of grapevine in Europe (Portugal) (Phillips 2002). B. dothidea and B. obtusa are commonly known to cause apple rot and canker diseases on apple (M. domestica, Rosaceae), and Mangifera indica amongst others (Slippers et al. 2007). Botryosphaeria has also been reported to cause typical dieback symptoms in olive orchards in the Europe (Andalusia region) causing loss of olive yield (Romero et al. 2005).
Industrial relevance and applications
Botryosphaeria rhodina has been used in the bio-treatment of industrial tannery wastewater (Hasegaw et al. 2011). Some species of Botryosphaeria are useful biocontrol agent. Botryosphaeria dothidea is an antagonist of Paenibacillus lentimorbus and promising biological control of panicle and shoot blight of pistachio (Chen 2003).
Quarantine significance
Botryosphaeria is listed in the Pest categorization report of EFSA (2017).
Biochemical importance of the genus, chemical diversity or applications
Botryosphaeria rhodina can produce epoxide hydrolase (EH) (Melzer et al. 2008). Botryosphaeria dothidea identified from a seed of diseased Torreya taxifolia is reported to produce antimalarials and phytotoxins (Kumarihamy et al. 2020). Botryosphaeria also produce extracellular enzymes with biotechnological potential (Esteves et al. 2014). Botryosphaeria rhodina (CBS 247.96) has been reported to secrete functional polypeptides (Schnorr et al. 2010). The endophytic B. dothidea of Melia azedarach has been reported to produce secondary metabolites which exhibit antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities (Xiao et al. 2014). There are 285 Botryosphaeria epithets in Index Fungorum (2022), but many have been transferred to other genera such as Amerodothis, Apiosporina, Aplosporella, Azbukinia, Bagnisiella, Bagnisiopsis, Balansia, Coccodiella, Colletotrichum, Cophinforma, Dendrostoma, Diplodia, Discochora, Echusias, Fusarium, Gibberella, Godronia, Guignardia, Lasiosphaeria, Leptosphaeria, Melanops, Nectriella, Neofusicoccum, Nitschkia, Peyronellaea, Phaeobotryon, Phyllachora, Phyllosticta, Physalospora, Saccharata and Spencermartinsia. Botryosphaeria comprises 13 species with molecular data known on several host plants. Botryosphaeria has a worldwide distribution. Many species of Botryosphaeria can be discovered in the future but DNA sequence data is needed to correctly establish new species in this genus.
References
Denman S, Crous PW, Taylor JE, Kang JC, Pascoe I, Wingfield MJ. 2000 – An overview of the taxonomic history of Botryosphaeria and a re-evaluation of its anamorphs based on morphology and ITS rDNA phylogeny. Studies in Mycology 45, 129–140. 10.1007/s005720050286
Garcia JF, Lawrence DP, Morales-Cruz A, Travadon R et al. 2021 – Phylogenomics of Plant-Associated Botryosphaeriaceae Species. Frontiers in Microbiology 12, 652802.
Hasegawa C, Barbosa AM, Takashima K. 2011 – Biotreatment of industrial tannery wastewater using botryosphaeria rhodina. Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 76, 439–446. https://doi.org/10.2298/jsc100603039h
Health E, Panel OP, Jeger M, Bragard C et al. 2017 – Pest categorisation of Botryosphaeria kuwatsukai. EFSA Journal 15, e05035. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5035
Saccardo PA. 1877 – Fungi Veneti novi vel critici. Michelia 1 1–72.
Schnorr et al. (2010). United States Patent. Available at: https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/40/d3/35/c9734f6dfc78e6/US7666649.pdf
Sivanesan A. 1984 – The Bitunicate Ascomycetes and Their Anamorphs. Vaduz: J Cramer.
Theissen F, Sydow H. 1915 – Die Dothideales. Kritisch-systematische Originalunter-suchungen (Continuatio). Annales Mycologici 13, 431–746.
von Arx JA, Müller E. 1954 – Die Gattungen der amerosporen Pyrenomyceten. Beiträge Kryptogamenflora Schweiz 11, 1–434.
von Arx JA, Müller E. 1975 – A re-evaluation of the bitunicate Ascomycetes with keys to families and genera. Studies in Mycology 9, 1–159.
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