Botryosphaeriales » Botryosphaeriaceae » Botryosphaeria

Botryosphaeria dothidea

Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug.) Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 1(fasc. 4): 212 (1863).

Sphaeria dothidea Moug., in Fries, Syst. Mycol. 2: 423 (1823).

            Index Fungorum number: IF 183247; Facesoffungi number: FoF 03512, Fig. 1

Description: see Liu et al. (2012); Phillips et al. (2013); Slippers et al. (2004).

Material considered: see Liu et al. (2012); Phillips et al. (2013); Slippers et al. (2004).

 

 

Fig. 1 Botryosphaeria dothidea (a–h B. dothidea PREM 57372, epitype).  a Ascostromata on

host substrate. b Section through ascostromata. c Peridium. d, e Asci. f–h Ascospores. (i–p B. dothidea MFLU 20-0524).  i Appearance of conidiomata on host substrate. j Section through conidioma. k Peridium. l, m Developing conidia attached to conidiogenous cells. n–q Conidia. Scale bars: b, c = 100 μm, d, e = 30 μm, f–h, k, n–p = 10 μm, i = 500 μm, j = 50 μm, l, m = 5 μm.

 

Importance and distribution

Some species are pathogenic and cause wide range of diseases. Botryosphaeria comprises many destructive vascular pathogens of woody plants such as Botryosphaeria dieback of grape, panicle blight of pistachio amongst others (Garcia et al. 2021). Several members of Botryosphaeria cause a variety of symptoms, commonly known as "Bot canker." Botryosphaeria canker is a significant disease of several landscape and forest trees and shrubs. These fungi cause perennial cankers and enter vines via fresh injuries such as natural cracks, pruning wounds, or any large cut to cordons or trunks. The disease symptoms comprise tip die-back, coppice failure and stem cankers characterised by kino exudation (Gezahgne et al. 2004). Botryosphaeria dieback also cause death of spurs, arms, cordons, canes and the upper part of the trunk, depending on the location of the wood canker. Botryosphaeria is also reported to cause canker disease of bay laurel in The United States (northern California) (Lawrence et al. 2017). Some Botryosphaeria species are also associated with diseases of grapevine in Europe (Portugal) (Phillips 2002). B. dothidea and B. obtusa are commonly known to cause apple rot and canker diseases on apple (M. domestica, Rosaceae), and Mangifera indica amongst others (Slippers et al. 2007). Botryosphaeria has also been reported to cause typical dieback symptoms in olive orchards in the Europe (Andalusia region) causing loss of olive yield (Romero et al. 2005).

 

Industrial relevance and applications

Botryosphaeria rhodina has been used in the bio-treatment of industrial tannery wastewater (Hasegaw et al. 2011). Some species of Botryosphaeria are useful biocontrol agent. Botryosphaeria dothidea is an antagonist of Paenibacillus lentimorbus and promising biological control of panicle and shoot blight of pistachio (Chen 2003).

 

Quarantine significance

Botryosphaeria is listed in the Pest categorization report of EFSA (2017).

 

Biochemical importance of the genus, chemical diversity or applications

Botryosphaeria rhodina can produce epoxide hydrolase (EH) (Melzer et al. 2008). Botryosphaeria dothidea identified from a seed of diseased Torreya taxifolia is reported to produce antimalarials and phytotoxins (Kumarihamy et al. 2020). Botryosphaeria also produce extracellular enzymes with biotechnological potential (Esteves et al. 2014). Botryosphaeria rhodina (CBS 247.96) has been reported to secrete functional polypeptides (Schnorr et al. 2010). The endophytic B. dothidea of Melia azedarach has been reported to produce secondary metabolites which exhibit antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities (Xiao et al. 2014). There are 285 Botryosphaeria epithets in Index Fungorum (2022), but many have been transferred to other genera such as Amerodothis, Apiosporina, Aplosporella, Azbukinia, Bagnisiella, Bagnisiopsis, Balansia, Coccodiella, Colletotrichum, Cophinforma, Dendrostoma, Diplodia, Discochora, Echusias, Fusarium, Gibberella, Godronia, Guignardia, Lasiosphaeria, Leptosphaeria, Melanops, Nectriella, Neofusicoccum, Nitschkia, Peyronellaea, Phaeobotryon, Phyllachora, Phyllosticta, Physalospora, Saccharata and Spencermartinsia. Botryosphaeria comprises 13 species with molecular data known on several host plants. Botryosphaeria has a worldwide distribution. Many species of Botryosphaeria can be discovered in the future but DNA sequence data is needed to correctly establish new species in this genus.

 

References

Alves A, Correia A, Luque J, Phillips A. 2004 – Botryosphaeria corticola, sp. nov. on Quercus Species, with Notes and Description of Botryosphaeria stevensii and Its Anamorph, Diplodia mutila. Mycologia 96, 598–613.

Barr ME. 1972 – Preliminary studies on the Dothideales in temperate North America.  Contributions from the University of Michigan Herbarium 9 523–638.

Chen WQ, Morgan DP, Felts D, Michailides TJ. 2003 – Antagonism of Paenibacillus lentimorbus to Botryosphaeria dothidea and Biological Control of Panicle and Shoot Blight of Pistachio. Plant Disease 87, 359–365. doi: 10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.4.359.

Crous PW, Slippers B, Wingfield MJ, Rheeder J et al. 2006 – Phylogenetic lineages in the Botryosphaeriaceae. Studies in Mycology 55, 235–253. 10.3114/sim.55.1.235

Denman S, Crous PW, Taylor JE, Kang JC, Pascoe I, Wingfield MJ. 2000 – An overview of the taxonomic history of Botryosphaeria and a re-evaluation of its anamorphs based on morphology and ITS rDNA phylogeny. Studies in Mycology 45, 129–140. 10.1007/s005720050286

Esteves A, Saraiva M, Correia A, Alves A. 2014 – Botryosphaeriales fungi produce extracellular enzymes with biotechnological potential. Canadian journal of microbiology 60, 332–342. 

Garcia JF, Lawrence DP, Morales-Cruz A, Travadon R et al. 2021 – Phylogenomics of Plant-Associated Botryosphaeriaceae Species. Frontiers in Microbiology 12, 652802.

Gezahgne A, Roux J, Slippers B, Wingfield MJ. 2004 – Identification of the causal agent of Botryosphaeria stem canker in Ethiopian Eucalyptus plantations. South African Journal of Botany 70, 241-48.

Hasegawa C, Barbosa AM, Takashima K. 2011 – Biotreatment of industrial tannery wastewater using botryosphaeria rhodina. Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 76, 439–446. https://doi.org/10.2298/jsc100603039h

Health E, Panel OP, Jeger M, Bragard C et al. 2017 – Pest categorisation of Botryosphaeria kuwatsukai. EFSA Journal 15, e05035. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5035

Kumarihamy M, Rosa L, Techen N, Ferreira D et al. 2020 – Antimalarials and Phytotoxins from Botryosphaeria dothidea Identified from a Seed of Diseased Torreya taxifolia. Molecules 26, 59.

Lawrence D, Hand F, Gubler W, Trouillas F. 2017 – Botryosphaeriaceae species associated with dieback and canker disease of bay laurel in northern California with the description of Dothiorella californica sp. nov. Fungal Biology 121, 347–360.

Liu JK, Phookamsak R, Doilom M, Wikee S et al. 2012 – Towards a natural classification of Botryosphaeriales. Fungal Diversity 57, 149–210.

Luque J, Martos S, Phillips AJL. 2005 – Botryosphaeria viticola sp. nov. on grapevines: a new species with a Dothiorella anamorph. Mycologia 97, 1111–1121.

Melzer G, Junne S, Wohlgemuth R, Hempel D, Götz P. 2008 – Production of epoxide hydrolases in batch fermentations of Botryosphaeria rhodina. Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology 35, 485–493.

Phillips A, Alves A, Correia A, Luque J. 2005 – Two new species of Botryosphaeria with brown, 1-septate ascospores and Dothiorella anamorphs. Mycologia 97, 513–529.

Phillips A. 2002 – Botryosphaeria species associated with diseases of grapevine in Portugal. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 41, 3–18.

Phillips AJ, Alves A, Abdollahzadeh J, Slippers B, Wingfield MJ, Groenewald JZ, Crous PW. 2013 – The Botryosphaeriaceae: genera and species known from culture. Studies in Mycology 76, 51–167. doi: 10.3114/sim0021.

Romero M, Sánchez ME, Trapero-Casas A. 2005 – First Report of Botryosphaeria ribis as a Branch Dieback Pathogen of Olive Trees in Spain. Plant Disease 89, 208.

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Slippers B, Crous PW, Denman S, Coutinho TA, Wingfield BD, Wingfield MJ. 2004 – Combined multiple gene genealogies and phenotypic characters differentiate several species previously identified as Botryosphaeria dothidea. Mycologia 96, 83–101.

Slippers B, Smit WA, Crous PW, Coutinho TA, Wingfield BD, Wingfield MJ. 2007 – Taxonomy, phylogeny and identification of Botryosphaeriaceae associated with pome and stone fruit trees in South Africa and other regions of the world. Plant Pathology 56, 128–139.

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Xiao J, Zhang Q, Gao YQ, Tang JJ, Zhang AL, Gao JM. 2014 – Secondary metabolites from the endophytic Botryosphaeria dothidea of Melia azedarach and their antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 62, 3584–3590.

 

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