Aplosporella chlorostroma
Aplosporella chlorostroma Speg., Anal. Soc. cient. argent. 10(4): 158 (1880).
Index Fungorum number: IF 244322; Facesoffungi number: FoF11885, Fig. 1
Description: see Slippers et al. (2013); Ekanayaka et al. (2016); Phillips et al. (2019); Hyde et al. (2020).
Material considered: see Slippers et al. (2013); Ekanayaka et al. (2016); Phillips et al. (2019); Hyde et al. (2020).
Fig. 1 Aplosporella thailandica (MFLU 16-0615, holotype). a Herbarium specimen. b Appearance of ascostromata on host substrate. c Section through ascostromata. d Peridium. e, f Asci with ascospores. g–i Ascospores. j Colony on MEA. k Conidioma in culture. l Section through conidiomata. m Conidiogenesis. n Conidia. o Spermatia. Scale bars: b, c = 500 μm, d, l = 100 μm, e, f = 30 μm, g–j, n, o = 10 μm, m = 20 μm.
Importance and distribution
Aplosporella is useful for pharmaceutical and medical industry. Pramanicin A reported from the Endophytic fungus Aplosporella javeedi has strong cytotoxicity against human lymphoma and leukemia and has the ability to activate caspase-3 and induces apoptotic cell death (Gao et al. 2020b). Aplojaveediins A reported from Gao et al. (2020c) exhibit antifungal activity against the hyphae form of Candida albicans.
Biochemical importance of the genus, chemical diversity or applications
Durán-Patrón et al. (2020b) reported Lactam Derivatives namely aplosporellins A–K and pramanicin A from the endophytic Aplosporella javeedii through an OSMAC approach. Gao et al. (2020a) reported Sesterterpenes and macrolide derivatives from the endophytic Aplosporella javeedii. Gao et al. (2020c) reported antifungal polyketide derivatives namely aplojaveediins A-F from the endophytic Aplosporella javeedii on the host plant Orychophragmus violaceus (Brassicaceae).
There are 265 Aplosporella epithets in Index Fungorum (2022), but several species have been synonymized and transferred to Botryodiplodia, Coniothyrium, Cyclothyriella, Cytoplea, Cytosphaera, Diplodia, Epithyrium, Lasmeniella, Melanomma, Phaeochora, Phyllachora, Pleosphaeropsisa and Sphaeropsis. Aplosporella comprises 223 species known on wide range of host such as in families Annonaceae, Apocynaceae, Ebenaceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Rutaceae, Solanaceae amongst others. Aplosporella is reported from Asia (China, India, Myanmar, Pakistan, Philippines), Europe (Poland, Ukraine), North America (Canada, The United States), South Africa and South America (Brazil).
References
Durán-Patrón R, Kittakoop P, Moraga J, Liu Z et al. 2020 – Induction of New Lactam Derivatives from the Endophytic Fungus Aplosporella javeedii Through an OSMAC Approach. Frontiers in Microbiology 11, 600983.
Ekanayaka AH, Dissanayake AJ, Jayasiri SC, To-anun C, Jones EBG, Zhao Q, Hyde KD. 2016 – Aplosporella thailandica; a novel species revealing the sexual-asexual connection in Aplosporellaceae (Botryosphaeriales). Mycosphere 7, 440–447.
Gao Y, Stuhldreier F, Schmitt L, Wesselborg S et al. 2020a – Sesterterpenes and macrolide derivatives from the endophytic fungus Aplosporella javeedii. Fitoterapia 146, 104652.
Gao Y, Wang L, Kalscheuer R, Liu Z, Chaidir C. 2020b – Antifungal polyketide derivatives from the endophytic fungus Aplosporella javeedii. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 28, 115456.
Hyde KD, de Silva NI, Jeewon R, Bhat DJ et al. 2020 – AJOM new records and collections of fungi: 1–100. Asian Journal of Mycology 3, 22–294.
Petrak F, Sydow H. 1927 – Die Gattungen der Pyrenomyceten, Sphaeropsideen und Melanconieen. Beihefte Repertorium Specierum Novorum Regni Vegetabilis 42, 1–551.
Phillips AJL, Hyde KD, Alves A, Liu JK. 2019 – Families in Botryosphaeriales: a phylogenetic, morphological and evolutionary perspective. Fungal Diversity 94, 1–22.
Slippers B, Boissin E, Phillips A, Groenewald JZ et al. 2013 – Phylogenetic lineages in the Botryosphaeriales: A systematic and evolutionary framework. Studies in mycology 76, 31–49.
Tai FL. 1979 – Sylloge Fungorum Sinicorum. Science Press, Beijing, China.
Tilak ST, Rao R. 1964 – The genus Haplosporella in India. Mycopathologia 24, 362–368.
Wei JC. 1979 – Identification of fungus handbook. Shanghai, China.
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